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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Chapter 6: States of Consciousness Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Some Early Definitions • Consciousness: All the sensations, • perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of in any instant – Waking Consciousness: Normal, clear, organized, alertness Altered State of Consciousness (ASC): Changes that occur in quality and pattern of mental activity Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Sleep • Innate, biological rhythm • Microsleep: Brief shift in brain-wave patterns similar to those during sleep Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Figure 6.4 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Sleep Problems • Sleep Deprivation: Sleep loss; being deprived • • of needed amounts of sleep Sleep-Deprivation Psychosis: Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations that occur because of sleep loss Sleep Patterns: Daily rhythms of sleep and waking Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Rhythms • Circadian Rhythms: Bodily changes that • occur every 24 hours Biological Rhythm: Any repeating cycle of biological activity Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Jet Lag • Disturbed body rhythms caused by rapid • • • travel east or west Major time shifts (5 hours or more) can cause very slow adaptation Direction of travel affects adaptation, and thus, severity of jet lag – MUCH easier to go from east to west, than west to east Preadaptation: Gradual matching of sleepwaking cycles to a new time schedule Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Measuring Sleep Changes • Electroencephalograph (EEG): Brain-wave • • machine; amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated with being alert and awake Alpha Waves: Large, slow brainwaves associated with relaxation and falling asleep Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stage 1 Sleep • Small, irregular waves produced in light sleep (people may or may not say they were asleep) – Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle contraction Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stages of Sleep, Part 1 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stage 2 Sleep • Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (bursts of distinctive brain-wave activity) appear Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stages of Sleep, Part 2 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stage 3 Sleep • Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear; very large and slow Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stages of Sleep, Part 3 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stage 4 Sleep • Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stages of Sleep, Part 4 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Figure 6.3 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Two Basic Kinds of Sleep • Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated with dreaming; sleep is very light – Body is very still during REM sleep – Lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep is called REM Behavioral Disorder Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stages of Sleep, Part 5 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Non-REM (NREM) Sleep • Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no rapid eye movement occurs – Seems to help us recover from daily fatigue – EEG patterns return to Stage 1 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stages of Sleep, Part 6 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Figure 6.8 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Some Sleep Disturbances • Insomnia: Difficulty in getting to sleep or • staying asleep – Sleeping pills exacerbate insomnia; cause decrease in REM and Stage 4 sleep and may cause dependency Drug-Dependency Insomnia: Sleeplessness that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Types and Causes of Insomnia • Temporary Insomnia: Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and excitement – Avoid fighting it and read a book, for example, until you’re struggling to stay awake Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Some More Sleep Concerns • Chronic Insomnia: Exists if sleeping troubles • last for more than three weeks – Adopt regular schedule; go to bed at the same time each night, for example Tryptophan: Amino acid (chemical) that produces sleep Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Sleep Disturbances • Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in • NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4 Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Some Other Sleep Disturbances • Nightmares: Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep – May occur once or twice a month; brief and easily remembered – Imagery Rehearsal: Mentally rehearse the changed dream before you go to sleep again; may help to eliminate nightmares Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Night Terrors • Night Terrors: Total panic and often hallucinations of frightening dream images may occur – Occurs during Stage 4 sleep – Most common in childhood; may occur in adults – Not remembered Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Physiological Sleep Problems • Sleep Apnea: Repeated interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring – Hypersomnia: Extreme daytime sleepiness – Apnea can be treated by • Surgery • Weight loss • Breathing mask Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) • Sudden, unexplained death of an apparently • healthy infant (infants should sleep on back or on side to try to prevent) Also known as Crib Death Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Dreams • Psychodynamic (Freudian) Theory: • • Emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces Wish Fulfillment: Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires – Much evidence to refute this Dream Symbols: Images that have a deeper symbolic meaning Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis • Dream content may be affected by motor commands in the brain during sleep that are not carried out Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Hypnosis • Altered state of consciousness characterized by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion – Mesmer: Believed he could cure diseases by passing magnets over body; true “animal magnetism” (“mesmerize” means to hypnotize) – Must cooperate to become hypnotized Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Hypnotic Susceptibility • How easily a person can be hypnotized • Basic Suggestion Effect: Tendency of hypnotized people to carry out suggested actions as though they were involuntary Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Table 6.2 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Hypnosis Can • Help people relax • Reduce pain • Get people to make better progress in therapy Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Hypnosis Cannot • Produce acts of superhuman strength • Produce age regression • Force you to do things against your will Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stage Hypnosis • Simulation of hypnotic effects, done to entertain Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Tricks of the Hypnosis Trade • Waking Suggestibility: People on stage do not • • want to spoil the act, so they will follow any instruction Selection of Responsive Subjects: Any “volunteer” who does not get hypnotized in the stage group and does not follow instructions is removed The Hypnosis Label Disinhibits: On stage, once you are “in a hypnotic trance,” your responsibility for actions is removed; you can do whatever you want! Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 More Stage Hypnosis “Tricks of the Trade” • Hypnotist as Director: Once they are in a • • trance, the “volunteers” are suddenly the show’s stars, and they will act like it; the hypnotist only needs to direct them Stage Hypnotists Use Tricks: Stage hypnosis is 50% deception and 50% taking advantage of the situation Conclusion: Stage hypnotists entertain; they rarely hypnotize Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Meditation • Mental exercise designed to focus attention • • and interrupt flow of thoughts, worries, and analyses Concentrative Meditation: Attention is paid to a single focal point (i.e., object, thought, etc.) – Produces relaxation response and thus works to reduce stress Receptive Meditation: Based on widening attention span to become aware of everything experienced at a given moment Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 More on Meditation • Mantra: Word(s) or sound(s) repeated silently • during concentrative meditation Relaxation Response: Occurs at time of relaxation; innate physiological pattern that opposes body’s fight or flight responses Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Sensory Deprivation (SD) • Any major reduction in amount or variety of • sensory stimulation Benefits – Sensory enhancement – Relaxation – Changing habits – Benefits called REST: Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Figure 6.12 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Mindfulness • Open, nonjudgmental awareness of current experience Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Drugs and Altered States of Consciousness • Psychoactive Drug: Substance capable of • • altering attention, judgment, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system Depressant: Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Dependence • Physical Dependence: Addiction based on • drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms – Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug – Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug Psychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Figure 6.13 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Stimulants • Amphetamine: Synthetic stimulants that • excite nervous system – Dexedrine and Methamphetamine are two types of stimulants Amphetamine Psychosis: Loss of contact with reality because of amphetamine use; user tends to have paranoid delusions Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Interaction of Dopamine and Amphetamines Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Cocaine • Central Nervous System stimulant derived from leaves of coca plant; also used as local anesthetic – From 1886-1906, Coca-Cola did indeed have cocaine in it! – Highly addictive drug – Anhedonia (Inability to Feel Pleasure): Common after cocaine withdrawal Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Interaction of Dopamine and Cocaine Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 MDMA (Ecstasy) • Chemically similar to amphetamine; created by small variations in a drug’s structure – May cause severe liver damage and fatal heat exhaustion – Repeated use damages serotonergic brain cells Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Caffeine • Most frequently used psychoactive drug in • North America; present in colas, chocolate, coffee, tea Causes tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness – May be hazardous to pregnant women if used excessively; may cause birth defects Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Caffeinism • Physiological dependence on caffeine – Symptoms include: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Nicotine • Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco; • • • • known carcinogen In large doses it causes stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors Addictive Smoking responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women Sum: DON’T SMOKE; SMOKING KILLS (SO DOES CHEWING TOBACCO) Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Understanding Addiction Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Sedatives • Barbiturates: Sedative drugs that depress brain activity – Seconal and Amytal are two types Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Interaction of GABA and Barbiturates Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 GHB • GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate): Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner – Sedative effects may result in nausea, loss of muscle control, and either sleep or a loss of consciousness – Inhibits gag reflex, so some choke to death on their own vomit – Addictive and deadly Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Tranquilizers • Tranquilizers: Lower anxiety and reduce tension – Valium, Xanax, Halcion, and Librium are four types – Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication; larger doses can induce shortterm amnesia and sleep • Date rape drug because it’s odorless and tasteless (“Roofies”) Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Drug Interaction • One drug increases the effect of another Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Alcohol • Ethyl Alcohol: Intoxicating element in fermented and distilled liquors – NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions – Depressant Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Binge Drinking • Consuming five or more drinks in a short time, or four or more for women – Serious sign of alcohol abuse – May lead to up to 10 percent loss of brain power, especially memory Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 How a Drinking Problem may Develop (Jellinek, 1960) • Initial Phase: Social drinker turns to alcohol to • • relieve tension or feel good Crucial Phase: Person begins to lose control over drinking Chronic Phase: Person is now alcohol dependent Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence • Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; oftentimes necessary before long-term treatment begins Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) • Worldwide self-help organization composed • of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover – Spiritual component – Free; around for over 70 years! Rational Recovery, and Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS): Nonspiritual AA Alternatives Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Table 6.3a Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Table 6.3b Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Some Hallucinogens • Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or • distorts sensory impressions Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD): Hallucinogen that can produce hallucinations and psychotic disturbances in thinking and perception Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Some More Hallucinogens • Mescaline (Peyote) and Psilocybin (Magic • Mushrooms) PCP (Angel Dust): Initially can have hallucinogenic effects; also an anesthetic and has stimulant and depressant effects Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Marijuana (Pot) • Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana; Pot): Leaves and flowers of the hemp plant – Active chemical: THC – Effects: Relaxation, time distortion, perceptual distortions – Psychologically, NOT physiologically, addictive Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana • Can cause precancerous changes in lung • • • cells Can suppress immune system, increasing risk of disease Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Dream Interpretation • Freud: Four dream processes (mental filters) that hide true meanings of dreams Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Condensation • Combining several people, objects, or events into a single dream image Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Displacement • Directing emotions or actions toward safe or unimportant dream images Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Symbolization • Non-literal expression of dream content Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Secondary Elaboration • Making a dream more logical and adding details while remembering it Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Perls’ Views on Dreams • Most dreams are a special message about • what is missing in our lives, what we avoid doing when awake, or feelings that we need to re-own Dreams fill in gaps in our personal experience Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Lucid Dreaming • Person feels fully awake within the dream and feels capable of normal thought and action