Download Hypnosis - AP Psychology

Hypnosis
Altered States of Consciousness
Define Hypnosis
• A social interaction in which
one person (the hypnotist)
suggests to another (the
subject) that certain
perceptions, feelings,
thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur
• Hypnosis is not a state of
unconsciousness, nor is it
complete mind control
• Hypnosis is a heightened state
of awareness and relaxation,
combined with a large degree
of openness to suggestion
Posthypnotic Suggestion
• A suggestion, made
during a hypnosis
session, to be carried out
after the subject is no
longer hypnotized
Posthypnotic Amnesia
• A temporary memory
loss; supposed inability
to recall what one
experienced during
hypnosis
Can anyone be hypnotized?
• Most everyone can be hypnotized,
unless you are resistant to the idea
• Hypnotizability is associated with
bright, imaginative people. One of
the more frequent correlates of an
individual's ability to be hypnotized is
whether he/she had an imaginary
friend as a child. It is also thought
that a willingness to suspend belief is
related to hypnotizability.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of
forgotten events?
• Age regression therapy (the ability to
re-live childhood memories) is very
limited in its effectiveness…..age
regressed people may act as they
think a a 6-year old would, but most
often they combine new memories
and fantasy with what may have been
reality
Can hypnosis enhance recall of
forgotten “lives”?
• 25% of Americans believe in
reincarnation, though during
hypnosis they almost all are the
same race in their past life,
almost always famous, and hardly
ever know facts of the time period
Can hypnosis force people to act
against their will?
• The person who is hypnotized is aware of
everything the hypnotist says at all times
while they are experiencing hypnosis.
• An authoritative person in a legitimate
context can induce people, hypnotized or
not, to perform some unlikely acts
• Directly proposed hypnotic suggestions
cannot make you do anything against your
morals, religion, or self-preservation.
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
• Dissociation is a split in
consciousness, which allows some
thoughts and behaviors to occur
simultaneously with others
– IE. An unhypnotized patient will feel the
pain of an ice bath in less than 25
seconds. A hypnotized patient will feel
the cold, but not the pain, though their
sensory systems will register the activity
is present
Hypnotic Dissociation and Pain Relief
Meditation
Altered States of Consciousness
• Meditation" in the modern sense
may involve
–focusing the mind on a single object
(such as a religious statue, or one's
breath, or a mantra)
–a mental "opening up" to the divine,
invoking the guidance of a higher power
–attempting to clear the mind of
discursive or conceptual thought
–reasoned analysis of religious teachings
–simple relaxation
Drugs and Consciousness
Altered States of Consciousness
Define Psychoactive Drugs
• Chemical substances
that change moods,
perceptions, behaviors,
and consciousness
Addiction refers to
•The ongoing abuse of
drugs that leads to
compulsive use of the
substance.
Tolerance refers to
•Higher doses of a
drug are required to
produce the original
effects.
Withdrawal refers to
•The unpleasant
physical or
psychological effects
following discontinued
used of a substance
Drug Rebound Effect
• Withdrawal symptoms
are often the opposite of
the drug’s action
Do I Have A Drug Problem?
• Dependence is defined by
exhibiting three of the
following seven symptoms
over a 12-month period of
time
• Developing tolerance
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms
when attempting to stop
• Using a substance for a longer
period, or in greater quantities, than
originally intended
• Making repeated attempts to stop or
cut-back on drug usage
• Devoting a great deal of time
attempting to obtain or use a
substance
• Giving up or reducing social,
occupational, or recreational activities
as a result of drug use
• Continuing to use a substance even
after negative physical or
psychological effects have occurred,
or will continue to occur with usage
Depressants
• Chemicals that slow down behavior or
cognitive processes; inhibit central
nervous system activity; relieve
anxiety, lower inhibitions, lowers pain;
affects the brain areas especially
responsible for arousal, wakefulness
and alertness, coordination
•
Including:
Alcohol, Barbiturates,
Tranquilizers, Opiates (painkillers
such as Heroin)
Stimulants
• Drugs that stimulate the nervous
system and produce feelings of
optimism and boundless energy,
arouse behavior, and increase mental
awareness; stimulates the cerebral
cortex especially
•
Including:
Caffeine, Nicotine,
Amphetamines (Speed, Ecstasy),
Cocaine
• IE. Cocaine
–Cocaine blocks the reuptake of
dopamine (pleasure),
norepinepherine (energy), and
serotonin (arousal), so the feelings
generated by those
neurotransmitters intensifies as
they linger in the synapse longer
Psychedelics/Hallucinogens
• Drugs that distort visual and
auditory perception
• Including: LSD, Mescaline,
Peyote, Marijuana
• Why is marijuana considered a
hallucinogen?
–It relaxes, disinhibits, and may
cause a euphoric high like
alcohol, but it may also amplify
sensitivity to colors, sounds,
tastes, and smells