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Approaches to behavioral and psychological symptoms of Dementia Marie-France Rivard, MD, FRCPC Division of Geriatric Psychiatry University of Ottawa Objectives Describe the causes of common psychological and behavioral symptoms in dementia (BPSD) Introduce the purpose of the PIECES program Identify appropriate interventions Advise on the role of pharmacotherapy Disclosure slide Over last 28 years, received honoraria for Continuing education activities from most pharmaceutical companies and some grants for research. Over last 7 years, no direct funding for research or Continuing Education: honoraria by organizing committees who may have, in turn, received un-restricted grants. Currently Chair, Seniors Advisory Co to MHCC, mostly volunteer work. Prevalence of BPSD 90% of patients affected by dementia will experience Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) that are severe enough to be labeled as a problem during the course of their illness. Agitation (75%) Wandering (60%) Depression (50%) Psychosis (30%) Screaming and violence (20%) are most common Impact of BPSD 50 – 90% of caregivers considered physical aggression as the most serious problem they encountered and a factor leading to institutionalization. (Rabins et al. 1982) Front-line staff working in LTC report that physical assault contributes to significant work related stress (Wimo et al. 1997) Agitation, depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation cause significant suffering. BPSD Symptom Clusters Aggression Apathy Agitation Physical aggression Verbal Aggression Aggressive resistance to care Withdrawn Lacks interest Amotivation Pacing Repetitive actions Dressing/undressing Restless/anxious Euphoria Pressured speech Irritable Sad Tearful Hopeless Guilty Anxious Irritable/screaming Suicidal Mania Depression Adapted from McShane R. Int Psychogeriatr 2000;12(suppl 1): 147 Hallucinations Delusions Misidentification Suspicious Psychosis Causes of BPSD What is P.I.E.C.E.S. Person-centered assessment and care planning approach, using the care team to develop hypotheses and test the implementation of possible solutions. An acronym that conveys the individuality and importance of the various factors that contribute to BPSD in dementia. These factors are: Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, Capabilities, Environment and Social P.I.E.C.E.S. Taught in Ontario since 1998 to LTC registered staff From 1999-2007 expanded to include administrators of LTC, unregistered staff, acute care hospitals, CCAC case managers 2007-08: PIECES program for physicians: Soon available for distribution To be tested with family health teams and utilized by Peer Presenters and Preceptors of Ontario’s Alzheimer strategy Why use the P.I.E.C.E.S. approach? Identification of target behaviors which present risk or urgency Flags possible delirium Framework for synthesis of nonpharmacologic approaches Nutrition, comfort, hydration, sleep, etc… Environment, personhood, social, stimulation Guide the pharmacologic approach PIECES Template The 1. Three Question Template What has changed? 2. What are the RISKS and possible causes (using the PIECES framework)? 3. What is/are the action (s)? P - Physical Drugs Disease Atypical presentations, hypoxia, pain, infections Delirium – 30% mortality if undetected Anticholinergics, benzos, Include OTC, alcohol Hypoactive and hyperactive Basics Hydration, bowels, bladder, fatigue, sleep Delirium I – infectious W - withdrawal A – acute metabolic, dehydration, renal, bowels T –toxins, drugs C – CNS pathology H – hypoxia, D - deficiencies E - endocrine A – acute vascular T - trauma H – heavy metals Delirium work up and intervention History and physical Bowel/bladder/pain/mobility Caregivers re what has changed Review medications including prns Investigations to identify and correct underlying causes: Vitals, O2 sat, glucose, chest X-ray CBC, Na, K, Creatinine, Albumin, Drug levels, Ca, Mg, TSH, B12, Folate, Urine, etc…. CT head if warranted Intellectual/cognitive changes Memory loss, Amnesia: Annoying repetitive questioning. Accusing others of not telling them about upcoming events. Being “uncooperative” with previous requests. Agnosia Accusing family member of being an imposter when cannot quite recognize face… Failing to recognize one’s image in the mirror. Utilizing objects inappropriately. Intellectual/cognitive changes Apraxia Dressing inappropriately—upset with assistance provided/required Needing assistance to eat Aphasia Frustration/anxiety Inappropriate requests/comments Reacting concretely to abstract concept Intellectual/cognitive changes Anosognosia Not recognizing that one is no longer knows about or how to do some things, being unaware of deficits and need for help Impaired executive functions: poor planning/initiation unable to appreciate consequences of things said or done before saying/doing them, impulsive behavior Return to a place back in time Intellectual/cognitive changes Perceptual difficulties (distances, depth, time elapsed, gaps) Apathy and “perseveration” Resisting a bath or toileting, running over others. May be confused with depression or “ill-will”. Return of primitive reflexes, perseverative behaviors Grabbing caregiver’s clothing or body part and being unable to let go. E - Emotions Delusions/Hallucinations/agitation Dopamine and cholinergic mediated Depression/irritability/anxiety Serotonergic, adrenergic, cholinergic mediated. Adjustment Disorder Reactivation of past psychiatric illness with stress of dementia, placement Emotional Memory, past trauma, losses C - Capabilities Balance of Physical Demands and Capabilities Capacities too low to do a task? Able to do more but assumed incapable Resistive behaviours, Frustration Catastrophic reactions Withdrawal Boredom, “attention-seeking” behaviors Be sensitive to changes in function Acute change – rule out reversible component Gradual change – Adapt care to progression of dementia E - Environment Environmental structure design, lighting (glare), physical space, temperature Ambience Sounds, smells, colour, noise Familiarity Noise – excessive, distressing, confusing, unfamiliar Over/under stimulation Changing environment Relocation, routines, caregivers S - Social Life story, life accomplishments ‘All about me’, personhood Social network Relationships of family Lifelong coping strategies Interactions with caregivers who may not know you as a person Interaction with other residents, roommates, others with dementia… P.I.E.C.E.S. tools Daily Observation Sheet (DOS), A-B-C charting Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) Identifies behaviours and severity over 7 day period Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Shows frequency, severity, patterns of behaviours, can be individualized Delirium screen MMSE, MOCA, Clock Sig: E Caps, Cornell Depression Scale DOS Behavior Map Time 6am 7am 8am 9am 10a 11a 12p 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN Other Common Tools Scale Assessment CMAI 29 agitated behaviors rated by caregiver on 7 point frequency scale The Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory 12 items rated by caregiver Neuro-psychiatric Inventory- on a 4 point frequency and a 3 point severity scale Nursing Home Version 25 symptoms rated by BEHAVE-AD The Behavioral Pathology in caregiver on a 4 point Alzheimer’s Disease Rating severity scale NPI-NH Scale Caregiver Scales Useful for patients in the community Self report can be used in office setting or home visit Allow caregivers to identify behaviours they may not be comfortable talking about in front of their loved one ie - Kingston Behavioural Assessment Pharmacological treatment Clear indication, potential benefits Expected time to response Risks associated with and without Rx Appropriate dose range Monitoring for side effects and response When to consider dose reduction, discontinuation. Top Ten Behaviors not (usually) responsive to medication Aimless wandering Inappropriate urination /defecation Inappropriate dressing /undressing Annoying perseverative activities Vocally repetitious behavior Hiding/hoarding Pushing wheelchair bound co-patient Eating in-edibles Inappropriate isolation Tugging at/ removal of restraints Top Ten Behaviors responsive (perhaps!) to medication Physical aggression Verbal aggression Anxious, restless Sadness, crying, anorexia Withdrawn, apathetic Sleep disturbance Wandering with agitation/aggression Vocally repetitious behavior Delusions and hallucinations Sexually inappropriate behavior with agitation Pharmacological treatment: When (indications) Behaviors that have not responded to nonpharmacological treatment. Imminent and severe risk to self or others Persistent despite P.I.E.C.E.S. approach E.g. delirium needing to be investigated Behaviors that can respond to medication: listed previously Target appropriate symptom cluster: depression, anxiety (acute or chronic), difficulty falling asleep, psychosis… Pharmacological treatment: Choosing best drug Correct underlying cause, deficiency: Target appropriate symptom cluster: Depression: Antidepressant Anxiety (longer term): antidepressant Difficulty falling asleep: Trazodone Psychosis: antipsychotic Aggression: antipsychotic Choose least likely to worsen dementia and medical problems Optimize treatment of dementia, CEIs, memantine E.g. Least anticholinergic Choose drugs without problematic interaction Best choices: antidepressants SSRI for depression or anxiety When noradrenergic properties may be wanted (pain, activation) Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) *not if unstable BP Bupropion (not if unstable BP) When sedation may be needed urgently Citalopram (Celexa) and Escitalopram (Cipralex) Sertraline (Zoloft) Trazodone *watch for hypotension Mirtazapine (some anticholinergic properties) When important to have a drug well tolerated Moclobemide (Manerix) * drug interactions Best Choices - anxiety Cholinesterase inhibitor particularly for anxiety of early dementia. SSRIs first line treatment for anxiety disorders will take a few weeks to work check drug interactions. Consider trazodone (watch for hypotension) Best choices: anti-psychotics For acute delirium– very short term (days) Haloperidol (0.5 mg that may be repeated) Loxapine (2.5 mg that may be repeated) For persistent psychosis/agitation Risperidone (Risperdal): start with 0.25-0.5 mg daily and increase slowly as needed/tolerated over weeks to max. 2 mg per day Olanzapine (Zyprexa): start with 2.5 mg daily and increase slowly as needed/tolerated over weeks, to max 10 mg daily Quetiapine (Seroquel): start with 12.5 mg daily or BID and increase slowly over weeks to max 200 mg daily Meds for BPSD Target Symptoms Medication Starting Dose (mg/day) Average Target Dose (mg/day) Delusions Hallucination Aggression “Agitation” Atypical Antipsychotics: risperidone olanzapine quetiapine 0.25-0.5 2.5-5 12.5-25 0.5-2.0 2.5-7.5 50-400 Sadness Irritability Anxiety Insomnia Antidepressants citalopram sertraline venlafaxine mirtazapine trazodone 10 25 37.5 7.5 12.5-25 10-40 50-100 37.5-225 15-45 50-100 Meds for BPSD Target symptoms Medication Mood swings Euphoria Impulsivity Mood stabilizers: valproic acid 250 carbamazepine 50-100 Agitation Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Memantine Apathy Irritability Anxiety (short term use in predictable situations) Anxiolytics: lorazepam oxazepam Starting Dose (mg/day) Average Target Dose (mg/day) 500-1000 300-800 As directed As directed 5 mg daily 10 mg BID 0.25-0.5 5-10 0.5-1.5 10-30 Risks present when there is no pharmacological Rx Risks of injury (self and others), exhaustion, severe and prolonged suffering, increased risk of death with depression, etc. Need to present the risks of not treating with medications to pt or SDM when obtaining informed consent. Risks associated with pharmacological Rx Risks of antidepressants: Risks of anti-psychotics Hyponatremia Increased agitation/insomnia/suicide in first few weeks GI upset and bleed if previous ulcers Headaches Increase risk of death (all antipsychotics), increased QT, cerebrovascular accident EPS and tardive dyskinesia Worsening of vascular risk factors (increased weight, lipids, diabetes) Risks of benzodiazepines: Falls, ataxia, worsening dementia, memory, disinhibition Using minimal effective dose, only for the duration required Consider dose reduction for antipsychotic as soon as there is clear therapeutic response to prevent development of side effects Review anti-psychotic medication for possible discontinuation Q 6 months Maintain full dose of antidepressant but review if still needed after 1-2 years? Only if no prior history of depression Family physicians are at the core of the treatment team, working with: Patients and substitute decision makers Other caregivers (home care, LTC staff) Community resources (Alzheimer Society, First Link programs) Consultants such as PRCs, Outreach teams, Specialized geriatric medicine and mental health services Questions and further readings Program for physicians should be available in the coming months: distribution strategies? CCSMH guidelines on LTC issues, depression, delirium and suicide New Canadian Consensus guidelines on Dementia.