Download Regional Poverty Analysis and Monitoring Workshop by Tara

Regional Poverty Analysis and
Monitoring Workshop
Tara Vishwanath
(World Bank)
Islamabad, Pakistan
March 18-23, 2002
Poverty Reduction Approaches
Conceptual Underpinnings
• Eighties saw an almost exclusive focus on
growth – income based poverty
• The nineties complemented growth with
capabilities- health, education, nutrition
• This is now further expanded to include
vulnerability, voice, and power.
Dimensions of Poverty
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Lack of Opportunity
Low Capabilities
Low levels of security
Empowerment
These are highly interrelated and
complementary
Dimensions – contd.
• Each dimension represents an evolution of
development thinking
- Criticality of markets
- Criticality of institutions- private,
public, political
• Resources need to be complemented with
the “right” incentives for effectiveness.
Substantive Challenges
Creating Opportunity
• Design interventions to account for institutional
realities and distributional and welfare impacts of
policy
• Increase support to “pro-poor” growth
approaches- as in promote market activities for the
poorer groups
• Focus on building assets of the poor:
– Redistribution
– Service delivery issues
Substantive Challenges
Improving Security
• Reduce vulnerability: from the macro to
household level to lessen impact of shocks
• Increase capacity at the household and
aggregate levels to mitigate and cope with
risk
• Pay heed to existence of informal
mechanisms in the design of interventions
Substantive Challenges
Enabling Empowerment
• Enhance capability of people to “influence” their
own lives
• Strengthen participation of poor in decision
making; make institutions more responsive to
needs of the poor
• Improve governance and accountability of state
institutions
• Reduce exclusionary social and institutional
barriers.
The PRSP Framework
• PRSP initiative embodies the themes of the
conceptual framework
– Opportunity
– Security
– Empowerment
• Lending Instruments capture these ideas
– Poverty Reduction Support Credits (PRSC)
– Investment lending for capacity building, learning,
innovation
Implementation Challenges
• Enhance knowledge base on poverty and
interrelated characteristics
• Link public actions to these observations
and analyses
• Improve incentives for better performance
Enhancing the Knowledge Base
on Poverty
• The conceptual framework poses enormous
demands on data at various levels:
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The country level aggregates
The community level
The household level
The Individual level
Time series/panel
Administrative data
• The list continues ……
How Much Poverty? Trends?
• Extent of Poverty: Its breath, depth, severity
– Consumption/income aggregates at household level..
(HIES type data)
– Regular intervals.. For consistent trends (every three to
five years)
– Consistent methods for tracking consumption- for
comparability
– Indicators of extent, depth, severity
– Panels useful for vulnerability and income mobility
exercise
Who are the poor?
• Characteristics of Poverty
– Extended multi-topic household surveys
measuring social indicators, living conditions,
wages, sources of income….
– Disaggregated information for discerning
patterns across gender, rural/urban, ethnicity,
etc
– Facility and community surveys to identify key
constraints to access markets and services
Why are they poor?
• Beyond constraints of income and accessto understand processes and behavior that
impede poverty reduction
– Qualitative and institutional data
– User surveys
– Participatory surveys to understand household
priorities and perceptions
– Political economy issues.. Scope for collective
action
Data Needs and Sources:
Summary
: GDP, consumption, investment, exports,
imports, etc
System of National Accounts, trade
statistics National
Central Statistical Agency
Public Finance Data: revenues,
expenditures by category
Budgets and actuals
Ministry of Finance, central and sectoral
ministries
Consumer and producer prices
Price, wage surveys
Central Statistical Agency, central Bank
Climatic Data: temperature, rainfall, etc
Direct Measurement
National Weather Agency
Availability of services
Community serveys, multi topic household
surveys, qualitative studies
Local administration, sectoral ministries
Use of services
Tracking surveys
Local service providers
Individual and Household: consumption
and income, living conditions, social
indicators
Household budget/expenditure/income
surveys, multi topic household surveys
Central statistical agency, ministry of
labor/employment
Household Priorities: perceptions of
poverty, usder satisfaction
Qualitative studies/user surveys
Central statistical agency, sectoral
ministries, others
Political economy issues
Qualitative studies, electoral data
Local authorities, etc
Analysis
• Define indicators and benchmarks for key
dimensions of poverty
• Improve Poverty Monitoring systems and
capacity
• Enhance diagnostic techniques to reflect
multidimensional concept of poverty
-appropriate indicators, tools
-qualitative and quantitative
Examples of Indicators
Goal
Indicators
(Intermediate)
Indicator- Final
(Outcomes and Impact)
•Reduce extreme poverty and expand
economic opportunities for the poor
•Expenditure on employment programs for
the poor
•No. of beneficiaries of the employment
program
•Incidence of extreme poverty: percentage
falling below the poverty line
•Poverty Gap ratio
•Enhance capabilities of poor men and
women
•Expenditures on primary education as
share of total on education
•Exp. On primary health care
•New schools built
•No of primary school teachers
•Net enrollment in primary
•Percentage of poor with access to health
care facilities
•Number of doctors per 100,ooo inhabitants
•Literacy rates
•Learning Achievement
•Drop out and repetition rates
•Infant, child and under five mortality rate
•Malnutrition rate
•Life expectancy
•Reduce Vulnerability of the poor
•Expenditure on safety net programs
•Number of poor receiving transfers from
govt
•Number of persons protected from shocks
(drought) as percentage of total affected
•Prevalence of insurance (formal and
informal)
Linking Public Action to
Poverty Outcomes
• Use information from analysis
- for strategy formulation
- priority setting
- design of key interventions
• Develop tools for assessing social and poverty
impact of public action
• Strengthen focus and capacity for monitoring
• Sustain the link between analysis, feedback and
action
Role of International
Community
• Work off the PRS of countries- country
ownership is key
• Facilitate implementation challenges:
– Capacity building
– Knowledge exchange and creation
– Sustaining efforts – recognition of the fact that
such efforts take time