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Hinduism and Buddhism Develop Core Beliefs Sacred literature/texts Hinduism Goes through evolution from Vedic religion to popular Hinduism Epic poems undergo changes in 1st century Brahmans help make changes and go from being secular poems to focusing more on god Vishnu (the preserver) Bhagavad Gita—short poetic work and revised often between 300 BCE and 300 CE—enforced idea of social responsibilities and that they had spiritual significance—perform duties faithfully with no thought to the consequences Underlying force in everything called Brahman—gods are Brahma (Creator), Vishnu (Preserver) and Shiva (Destroyer)—can take many forms, human or animal Essential self is your atman (individual human soul)—reincarnated many times before moksha (union with Brahman) 4 aims of human life o Dharma—obedience to religious and moral law o Artha—the pursuit of economic well-being and honest prosperity o Kama—enjoyment of social, physical, and sexual pleasure o Moksha—salvation of soul o Need balance of first three to attain moksha Begins to appeal to more aspects of Indian society—evolved from Vedic religion of Upanishads and Vedas Becomes less involved in the rituals and sacrifices, Brahmins play less of a role Devotion to specific gods and goddesses Tolerant and inclusive, would rather Buddhism First great universal religions Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, born about 563BCE, Indian prince, left his life of luxury to take up life of an ascetic 534 BCE-left home and family to search for spiritual enlightenment Lived life of an ascetic Sat under tree 49 days until he understood suffering and how to eliminate it—became “Buddha”—the enlightened one Organizes followers into monks, only owned robes and begging bowls Beliefs—4 Noble Truths o All life involves suffering o Desire is root of all suffering o Eliminate desire to end suffering o Follow 8 fold path to eliminate suffering o 8 fold path—lead moderate life, reject extreme luxury and ascetic lifestyle—right belief, right resolve, right action, right speech, right behavior, right effort, right occupation, right contemplation o Five Precepts: to abstain from harming living beings, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and intoxication. Follow both leads to nirvana, escape from cycle of reincarnation—all Buddhist dharma o No Brahmins o No class separations Upanishads Mahabharata Ramayana Bhadavad Gita Gather Buddha’s teaching in Tripitaka “Three Baskets of Wisdom” Effects on society (include gender roles if possible) Growth/Spread Further separates classes in India as your varna is now tied to the idea of your dharma, resulting in karma Still views women as inferior Attracted support from Gupta emperors—Guptas support Hindu Brahmins and educational system that promoted Hindu cause Also attracts following in southeast Asia—sea lanes through Indian Ocean helped spread these religions Over time, Hinduism loses in popularity to Buddhism, but then makes a revival as the Buddha is simply incorporated to the Hinduism pantheon of god in India Also in Java, Vietnam and Cambodia leaders adopt Indian custom and use Sanskrit and some promote Hindu cults of Shiva and Vishnu New Religions/ Changes Jainism Mahavira is the founder, abandons lifestyle Everything in the universe possesses a soul (traced to Upanishads)— experienced suffering and must purify selves of selfish behavior to gain release Purified self by practicing non-violence (ahimsa)—sweeping, masks, strain water Did not gain much of a following— nearly impossible to follow ethical requirements, in work, nearly always harmed something Appeals to some because it did follow the varna system Ahimsa is an element of both Hinduism and Buddhism as they developed Could help unify large/diverse empire Helped Buddhism spread by encouraging Buddhists to spread their faith Early popularity—language of common people, pilgrimages to holy site and stupas (shrines with relics) Monastery serves people-learning, banks, inns Ashoka—Mauryan Emperor converts to Buddhism about 260 BCE Could help unify large/diverse empire Buddhism popular in India by 3rd Century BCE in northern India Attracted many merchants as converts— practiced religion and explain to others, makes its ways across silk roads to Iran, central Asia, China, and southeast Asia Support/Missionaries/Education Helped Buddhism spread by encouraging Buddhists to spread their faith Sent missionaries to Bactria and Ceylon (helps gain support in central Asia, east Asia, Southeast Asia) Attracts merchants, artisans, low rank people (no complicated ceremonies)—but is a lot to sacrifice Mahayana Buddhism Changes in Buddhism—less strict version (original is Theravada Buddhism) Buddha seen as a god Bodhisattras—more like a a Christian saint Spreads quickly, more wealthy attracted in central Asia, China, Japan, Korea Flourishes due to educational institutions— organized after monasteries form— Nalanda—most famous monastery and educational center