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Chapter 10 Introduction to Organic
Chemistry: Alkanes
1
10.5
Functional Groups
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Elements in Organic Compounds
2
In organic molecules, carbon atoms bond
• with four bonds
• mostly with H and other C atoms
• sometimes to O, N, S
• sometimes to halogens F, Cl, and Br
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Elements in Organic Compounds
3
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Functional Groups
4
Functional groups are
• a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave
in a predictable way
• composed of an atom or group of atoms
• groups that replace a hydrogen atom in the
corresponding alkane
• a way to classify families of organic compounds
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic
Compounds
5
Alkenes contain a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms.
Alkynes contain a triple bond.
Aromatic compounds contain a ring of six carbon atoms
called benzene.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Comparing Alkenes, Alkynes, and
Aromatic Compounds
6
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
7
Identify the following compounds as an alkene, alkyne, or
aromatic compound.
A.
B.
C.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
8
Identify the following compounds as an alkene, alkyne or
aromatic compound.
A.
aromatic
B.
alkene
C.
alkyne
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Alcohols, Thiols, and Ethers
9
An alcohol contains the hydroxyl
(−OH) functional group.
A thiol contains the thiol (−SH)
functional group.
An ether contains an oxygen atom
bonded to two carbon atoms
(COC) functional group.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Aldehydes and Ketones
10
An aldehyde contains a carbonyl
group (C=O), which is a carbon atom
with a double bond to an oxygen atom.
The carbonyl carbon is attached to a
hydrogen.
O
C
H
In a ketone, the carbon
of the carbonyl group (C=O) is
attached to two carbon atoms.
O
C
C
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
C
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Carboxylic Acids and Esters
11
Carboxylic acids contain the
carboxyl group, which is a
carbonyl group attached O
to a hydroxyl group.
C
COOH
C
OH
An ester contains the
carboxyl group between
O
carbon atoms.
COOCH3
C
C
O
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Amines
12
Amines
• have a functional group that
contains a nitrogen atom
• are derivatives of ammonia,
NH3, in which one, two, or
three hydrogen atoms are
replaced with carbons
H
H3C
CH3
H3C
N
H
CH3
H3C
N
H
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
N
CH3
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Amides
13
Amides
• have an amine group instead
O
of an OH group on the
carbonyl carbon
C
N
• are an important biological
functional group, the
simplest amide
being urea
H2N
O
C
NH2
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Organic Compounds
14
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
15
Classify each of the following as an alcohol, ether,
aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or amide.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
16
Classify each of the following as an alcohol, ether,
aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or amide.
A.
alcohol
B.
ether
C.
amine
D.
carboxylic acid
E.
ester
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept Map – Organic Compounds
17
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.