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Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes 11.5 Functional Groups General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Elements in Organic Compounds In organic molecules, C atoms form bonds mostly with H and other C atoms sometimes with atoms of O, S, N, P, and halogens F, Cl, and Br General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Functional Groups Functional groups are a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave in a predictable way are composed of an atom or group of atoms are groups that replace a H in the corresponding alkane provide a way to classify families of organic compounds General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Some Functional Groups General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes contain a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkynes contain a triple bond. Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Alcohols and Ethers An alcohol contains the hydroxyl (–OH) functional group. In an ether, an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms (–C–O–C–). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Thiols In a thiol, the functional group –SH is bonded to a carbon atom. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Aldehydes and Ketones An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O), which is a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom, attached to at least one hydrogen. In a ketone, the carbon of the carbonyl group is attached to two other carbon atoms. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Carboxylic Acids and Esters Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group. An ester contains the carboxyl group between carbon atoms. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Amines and Amides In an amine, the functional group is a nitrogen atom. In an amide, the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group. 10 General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Check Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Solution Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12