Download 5. Functional Groups

Chapter 11 Introduction to
Organic Chemistry: Alkanes
11.5
Functional Groups
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Elements in Organic Compounds
In organic molecules, C atoms form bonds
 mostly with H and other C atoms
 sometimes with atoms of O, S, N, P, and halogens F,
Cl, and Br
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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Functional Groups
Functional groups
 are a characteristic feature of organic molecules
that behave in a predictable way
 are composed of an atom or group of atoms
 are groups that replace a H in the corresponding
alkane
 provide a way to classify families of organic
compounds
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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3
Some Functional Groups
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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4
Alkenes and Alkynes
 Alkenes contain a double bond
between adjacent carbon atoms.
 Alkynes contain a triple bond.
 Aromatic compounds contain a
benzene ring.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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5
Alcohols and Ethers
 An alcohol contains the
hydroxyl (–OH) functional
group.
 In an ether, an oxygen atom
is bonded to two carbon
atoms (–C–O–C–).
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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Thiols
 In a thiol, the functional group
–SH is bonded to a carbon
atom.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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Aldehydes and Ketones
 An aldehyde contains a
carbonyl group (C=O), which
is a carbon atom with a double
bond to an oxygen atom,
attached to at least one
hydrogen.
 In a ketone, the carbon of the
carbonyl group is attached to
two other carbon atoms.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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Carboxylic Acids and Esters
 Carboxylic acids contain the
carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl
group attached to a hydroxyl group.
 An ester contains the carboxyl
group between carbon atoms.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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9
Amines and Amides
 In an amine, the functional
group is a nitrogen atom.
 In an amide, the hydroxyl
group of a carboxylic acid is
replaced by a nitrogen group.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether,
aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
11
Solution
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether,
aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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