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Organic Chemistry Unit What is Organic Chemistry? The study of carboncontaining compounds made up of non-metal elements (covalent bonds) Organic Compound? Yes or No Na2CO3 No C2H6 Yes! C4H6Br2F2 Yes! Why Carbon?? Found in all living matter Found in body tissue Found in food Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum) Found in Nature ( ranked 17th in crust) Forms of Carbon Term = Allotrope Same element Different bonding pattern Different arrangement •Carbon exists in 3 solid forms • Diamond • Graphite • Fullerene Diamond Tetrahedrally oriented Hardest material known Most dense form of Carbon High melting point Conducts heat Does not conduct electricity Graphite Layers of hexagonal plates Soft Feels greasy Crumbles easily High melting point Conducts electricity Fullerene Discovered in mid 1980s Found in soot Spherical cages of carbon Most stable is C60 Resembles geodesic dome C60 = Buckminsterfullerene or Buckyball Diversity of Organic Chemistry Due to uniqueness of Carbon • Can bond to itself covalently • Forms chains and rings • Cyclohexane, ball and stick model • Term = Catenation Figure 3.1x5 Carbon bonds to elements Carbon readily bonds to : – – – – – H O N S Halogens Cl, Br, F,I Hydrocarbons – Simplest organic compounds – Only contain Carbon and Hydrogen (CxHy) Formulas Written representations of a compound using letters (and sometimes numbers) Molecular Formula Indicates # of atoms Types of atoms Example: C8H18 Structural Formula Indicates • • • # of atoms Type of atoms Bonding Arrangement Structural formulas Condensed show all bonds in structural formulas compound only show bonds between carbon atoms CH3CHCH3 CH3 Arrangement of Atoms Compounds that As # of carbon atoms goes up have: # of isomers goes up – Same molecular – C8 18 isomers formula – C9 35 isomers – Different structure – C10 75 isomers or arrangement – C40 – Called ISOMERS 69,491,178,805,831 Example of Isomers Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms are bonded in a different order C4H10 Geometric Isomers Order of atoms is the same but the arrangement in space is different Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple bond). Don’t see this with single bonds! We are going to study: Alkanes Ethers Alkenes Esters Alkynes Aldehydes Aromatics Ketones Alcohols Amines