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Do you know the topic today? What is the similarity among these drinks? The above drinks contain ……. Introduction Alkanols Alcohols General Formula CnH2n+1OH or (R-OH) Functional Group - the hydroxyl group R-OH IUPAC System of Naming Choose the longest continuous carbon chain containing the -OH group Final -e of the corresponding alkane name is changed to -ol IUPAC System of Naming Examples CH3OH CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CHOHCH3 methanol ethanol propan-1-ol propan-2-ol IUPAC System of Naming Name the compound CH3 CH3 - C - CH3 OH Answer : 2-methylpropan-2-ol Structural Isomerism Examples : C3H7OH have 2 structural isomers H H H H H H H-C-C-C-H H-C-C-C-H H H OH H OH H propan-1-ol propan-2-ol Structural Isomerism Quick check : Write down all the possible structural isomers of C4H9OH Structural Isomerism CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 OH CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 butan-1-ol OH butan-2-ol CH3 CH3 CH3 - CH - CH2 CH3 - CH - CH2 OH 2-methylpropan-1-ol OH 2-methylpropan-2-ol Effects of Alcoholic Drinks All are poisonous Methanol (CH3OH) is toxic All alcoholic drinks contain ethanol Small amounts have relaxing effect, but Large amounts is dangerous Taken in large amount has an immediate bad effect of mental and physical performance. Effects of Alcoholic Drinks It affects the normal functioning of the nervous system Excessive drinking of alcohol over a long period of time, leads to damage of liver and loss of memory People may become addicted to it Many health, family and social problems are due to these alcoholics Advice SO DO NOT Drink Manufacture of Ethanol Ethanol from ethene Ethanol from Fermentation Ethanol from ethene Industrial ethanol is formed from ethene, a petroleum product. The flow diagram for ethanol manufacture by direct hydration of ethene Ethene Condensor Furnace steam Reactor ethanol + water The chemical equation: CH2=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH Ethanol from fermentation Fermentation is the slow breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules by micro-organism. The sources are used Ethanol has been made by fermentation for several thousand years. The raw material is some form of starch or sugar such as : wheat rice & potatoes grapes apple barley -Different Source can make different Alcoholic drinks. Starch/Sugar sources Barley Grape Barley Grape Potatoes Wheat Alcoholic drink Beer Red/White wine Whisky Brandy Vodka Gin Micro-organisms used –– Yeast Zymase is an enzyme present in yeast. Act as catalyst. Conditions: room temperature and pressure. Converts sugar to alkanol and CO2. For example: Glucose C6H12O6 , C6H12O6(aq) CH2CH2OH (l) CO2 (g) Fermentation of glucose in laboratory Solution of glucose with yeast CO ?2 Lime water How to obtain a max. concentration of ethanol from fermentation The yeast is killed when the proportion of ethanol reaches about 15%. To obtain a further concentration of the solution, fractional distillation is used. Max. concentration of the distillate is about 96%. Pure ethanol (absolute ethanol) is obtained by using CaO (drying agent) to removed the traces of the water. Uses of Alkanol 1. Physical Uses • • 2. Solvents Beverage Chemical Uses • • • Fuel Vinegar Synthesis Ester Synthesis 1. Physical Uses A. Used as Solvent Because Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)contains : A. Polar Group Water Soluble B. Non-Polar Group Oil Soluble OH CH3CH2 Hence, Ethanol is Soluble in Both water and Oil 1. Physical Uses B. Used as Bervage Because Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)contains : Ethanol is used as bervage because of its GOOD TASTE PROVIDE A RELEX SENSE Hence, ethanol is used as Bervage 2. Chemical Uses A. Used as Fuel Because burning of Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)is highly exothermic CH3CH2OH + O2 CO2 + H2O As much heat is given out from the above reaction, ethanol can be burnt as fuel 2. Chemical Uses C. Used in preparation Ester Because Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) react with Ethanoic Acid to form Ester O CH3CH2OH + CH3C OH O CH3C OCH2CH3 The Ester formed can be used as a food favoring . 2. Chemical Uses C. Used in synthesis of Vinegar Because Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) react with Oxidizing agent to form Ethanoic acid [O] CH3CH2OH O CH3C The Ethanoic acid formed is used as a main component in Vinegar. OH Revision Introducing Alkanols The general formula: CnH2n+1OH or ROH The molecule consist of a functional group the _______ group (-OH) joined to an ____ group (R-) . Revision Introducing Alkanols The general formula: CnH2n+1OH or ROH The molecule consist of a functional group the hydroxyl group (-OH) joined to an alky group (R-) . Revision The general formula of alkanol is A A. CnH2nOH B. B CnH2n+2OH C C. CnH2n+1OH D. D CnH2n-1OH Press the pink button 2. Ethanol can be formed by two methods. They are Hydration of ethene ? Equation: CH2=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH ? Fermentation Equation: C6H12O6(aq) CH2CH2OH (l) CO2 (g) The FIVE uses of Ethanol 1. Used as Solvent 2. Used as Bervage 3. Used as Fuel 4. Used in preparation Ester 5. Used in synthesis of Vinegar