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The Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar Gnaeus Pompeii 106-48 BC • Gained recognition in Spain, 77 BC then during the insurgency of Spartacus (7371 BC). • He joined with Marcus Crassus, the richest man in Rome, they marched to the gates of Rome and demanded consulships (he was 36!) • As Consuls, they canceled Sulla’s “reforms” and retired. Pompey returns... • In 67 BCE, the Senate asked Pompey to deal with Pirates in the Med Sea and renewed fighting with King Mithradates • Returning in 62 BCE, Pompey asked for land grants to his soldiers, which was rejected by the Senate. • Such shortsightedness drove Pompey into an alliance with Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar, 100-44 BC • Governor of Spain, returned to Rome in 60 BC- intending to run for consul-Senate said no! • Teamed up with Pompey and Crassus to form the 1st Triumverate and became a consul • After his term as consul, he took governorship over two northern territories (Gaul) and initiated the Gallic Wars • Legacy: brought western Europe into the mainstream of civilization Caesar’s Gallic Wars, 58 – 52 BCE Caesar’s victories over the Gauls (Celts) were incredible… …sending back to Rome untold wealth from plunder and almost one million slaves with another million counted as dead. Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar, 52 BC (after the Battle of Alesia) • Fearing his rising power, the Senate recalled Caesar… without his army! • When Caesar crossed the Rubicon river in 49 BCE, he started a civil war. • Pompey was convinced by Senate leaders to come out of retirement and defend the Senate 2nd Civil War Caesar (the Populares) vs 49-46 BCE– Pompey (the Optimates) • Caesar defeated Pompey- Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE) then followed him to Egypt where Pompey was killed. After Pharsalus, Pompey escaped to Egypt with Caesar chasing him only to be assassinated. Caesar & Cleopatra Caesar restored Cleopatra to power, gave her a son (Caesarion), then returned with her to Rome in 46 BCE Caesar: “dictator for life” • Pardoned Senators but raised members to 900 • Gave public land to his soldiers and the poor • Granted citizenship to provinces • Raised pay of soldiers • Reorganized town governments and the courts • Lowered taxes on provinces • Started building projects Caesar’s assassination and the 2nd Triumverate • March 15, 44 BC • Marc Antony joined with Octavian and Lepidus to defeat Brutus, Cassius & the other conspirators • Both Antony and Octavian wanted to be “number 1” From Octavian to Augustus Antony & Cleopatra End of the 2nd Triumverate…3rd Civil War • 13 years of civil war between Marc Antony and Octavian Caesar • The Battle of Actium 31 BCE • Cleopatra and Antony fled to Egypt where they committed suicide Augustus, 27 BCE • Octavian became Augustus by Senate decree • Created a bureaucracy to oversee grain supply and distribution, water supply, public buildings, tax collection, city watch among many other things • His policies laid the foundation for 200 years of peace and prosperity-”the Pax Romana.”