Download From Pompey to Caesar

From Pompey & Caesar
to
Marc Antony and Octavian
Gaius Marius
Lucius Sulla
2nd Civil War
Caesar (the Populares)
vs
49-46 BCE–
Pompey (the Optimates)
Gnaeus Pompeii
106-48 BC
• Gained recognition in
Spain, 77 BC then during
the slave revolt of
Spartacus (73-71 BC).
• He joined with Marcus
Crassus, the richest man
in Rome, -they marched
to the gates of Rome and
demanded consulships
(Pompey was 36!)
• As Consuls, they
canceled Sulla’s
“reforms” and retired.
Pompey returns...
• In 67 BCE, the Senate
asked Pompey to deal
with Pirates in the Med
Sea and renewed
fighting with King
Mithradates
• Returning in 62 BCE,
Pompey asked for land
grants to his soldiers,
which was rejected by
the Senate.
• Such shortsightedness
drove Pompey into an
alliance with Julius
Caesar.
Julius Caesar, 100-44 BCE
• Dad died when 15
• At 17- married Cornelius
Cinna’s daughter
• At 18- Sulla proscribed
his death!
• 20- Roman soldier in
Bythnia
• 21- lawyer in Rome
• 22- Set out to Rhodes
• Career: held various
administrative posts
• At 38 – appointed
governor of Spain
• Governor of Spain, returned to
Rome in 60 BC- intending to run
for consul-Senate said no!
• Teamed up with Pompey and
Crassus to form the 1st
Triumverate and became a
consul in 60 BCE
• After his term as consul, he took
governorship over two northern
territories (Gaul) and initiated the
Gallic Wars
• Legacy: brought western Europe
into the mainstream of civilization
Caesar’s Gallic Wars,
58 – 52 BCE
Caesar’s victories
over the Gauls (Celts)
were incredible…
sending back to
Rome untold wealth
from plunder and
almost one million
slaves with another
million counted as
dead. (#’s are debatable!)
Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar, 52 BC (after the Battle of Alesia)
• Fearing his rising
power, the Senate
recalled Caesar…
without his army!
• When Caesar crossed
the Rubicon river in 49
BCE, he started a civil
war.
• Pompey was convinced
by Senate leaders to
come out of retirement
and defend the Senate
2nd Civil War
Caesar (the Populares)
vs
49-46 BCE–
Pompey (the Optimates)
Caesar defeated Pompey- Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE) then
followed him to Egypt where Pompey hoped for allies.
• After Pharsalus, Pompey escaped to Egypt with
Caesar chasing him only to be assassinated.
Caesar & Cleopatra
Caesar restored
Cleopatra to power,
gave her a son
(Caesarion), then
returned with her to
Rome in 46 BCE
Caesar: “dictator for life”
• Pardoned Senators
but raised members
to 900
• Gave public land to
his soldiers and the
poor
• Granted citizenship
to provinces
• Raised pay of
soldiers
• Reorganized town
governments and
the courts
• Lowered taxes on
provinces
• Started building
projects
Caesar’s assassination and the 2nd Triumverate
• March 15, 44 BC
• Marc Antony
joined with
Octavian and
Lepidus to
defeat Brutus,
Cassius & the
other
conspirators
• Both Antony and
Octavian wanted
to be number 1
Augustus, 27 BCE