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From Pompey & Caesar to Marc Antony and Octavian Gaius Marius Lucius Sulla 2nd Civil War Caesar (the Populares) vs 49-46 BCE– Pompey (the Optimates) Gnaeus Pompeii 106-48 BC • Gained recognition in Spain, 77 BC then during the slave revolt of Spartacus (73-71 BC). • He joined with Marcus Crassus, the richest man in Rome, -they marched to the gates of Rome and demanded consulships (Pompey was 36!) • As Consuls, they canceled Sulla’s “reforms” and retired. Pompey returns... • In 67 BCE, the Senate asked Pompey to deal with Pirates in the Med Sea and renewed fighting with King Mithradates • Returning in 62 BCE, Pompey asked for land grants to his soldiers, which was rejected by the Senate. • Such shortsightedness drove Pompey into an alliance with Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar, 100-44 BCE • Dad died when 15 • At 17- married Cornelius Cinna’s daughter • At 18- Sulla proscribed his death! • 20- Roman soldier in Bythnia • 21- lawyer in Rome • 22- Set out to Rhodes • Career: held various administrative posts • At 38 – appointed governor of Spain • Governor of Spain, returned to Rome in 60 BC- intending to run for consul-Senate said no! • Teamed up with Pompey and Crassus to form the 1st Triumverate and became a consul in 60 BCE • After his term as consul, he took governorship over two northern territories (Gaul) and initiated the Gallic Wars • Legacy: brought western Europe into the mainstream of civilization Caesar’s Gallic Wars, 58 – 52 BCE Caesar’s victories over the Gauls (Celts) were incredible… sending back to Rome untold wealth from plunder and almost one million slaves with another million counted as dead. (#’s are debatable!) Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar, 52 BC (after the Battle of Alesia) • Fearing his rising power, the Senate recalled Caesar… without his army! • When Caesar crossed the Rubicon river in 49 BCE, he started a civil war. • Pompey was convinced by Senate leaders to come out of retirement and defend the Senate 2nd Civil War Caesar (the Populares) vs 49-46 BCE– Pompey (the Optimates) Caesar defeated Pompey- Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE) then followed him to Egypt where Pompey hoped for allies. • After Pharsalus, Pompey escaped to Egypt with Caesar chasing him only to be assassinated. Caesar & Cleopatra Caesar restored Cleopatra to power, gave her a son (Caesarion), then returned with her to Rome in 46 BCE Caesar: “dictator for life” • Pardoned Senators but raised members to 900 • Gave public land to his soldiers and the poor • Granted citizenship to provinces • Raised pay of soldiers • Reorganized town governments and the courts • Lowered taxes on provinces • Started building projects Caesar’s assassination and the 2nd Triumverate • March 15, 44 BC • Marc Antony joined with Octavian and Lepidus to defeat Brutus, Cassius & the other conspirators • Both Antony and Octavian wanted to be number 1 Augustus, 27 BCE