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AP B Circuit Analysis Unlike the Regents, the AP B exam and college textbooks; 1) define current as the flow of + charge 2) have mixed circuits that with series and parallel elements 3) can have capacitors 4) can have more than one battery 5) the batteries aren’t necessarily ideal; they can have internal resistance that reduces voltage output 6) you may need to use a loop rule to figure out voltage drops Multiple batteries Using Conventional Current & the Loop Rule Internal resistance of real batteries Voltage Drops: When doing a loop analysis, V =0. Some V are +, some -. Throgh batteries, going from – to + is an increase, or + V. going from + to - is logically a loss of potential or -V. Through resistors: Going with the current is like going downhill, negative V, Going against current is like going uphill, +V. Variable Resistors Terminology: galvanometers measure small currents (mA), while ammeters measure large currents (whole Amps) Water analogy Sign Conventions while doing loop analysis Christmas lights A shunt is a low resistance parallel wire which will draw current When dialing different ranges on a meter you are connecting to shunts different resistances