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Hi z = Line level Low z = Mic Level Direct Box changes impedence from line level to mic level High / Low Impedance A high impedance circuit tends to have high voltage and low current A low impedance circuit tends to have relatively low voltage and high current Connecting Devices I'M CONNECTING TWO AUDIO DEVICES. IS IT IMPORTANT TO MATCH THEIR IMPEDANCES? WHAT HAPPENS IF I DON'T? Connecting Devices When you connect two devices, one is the source and one is the load. The source is the device that puts out a signal. The load is the device you are feeding the signal into. The source has a certain output impedance, and the load has a certain input impedance. It’s important to match the output impedance of the source to the input impedance of the load Matching Impedance If the source impedance equals the load impedance, this is called "matching" impedances. It results in maximum POWER transfer from the source to the load. low-Z source to a high-Z load Suppose the source is low Z and the load is high Z There is no distortion or frequency-response change caused by this connection. When you plug a low-Z source (microphone) into a high-Z input you get a weak signal. That's because a high-Z input is designed to receive a relatively high voltage from a high-Z mic or instrument, and so the input is designed to have low gain. So you don't get much signal amplification. high-Z source to a low-Z load If you connect a high-Z source to a low-Z load, you might get distortion or altered response For example, suppose you connect an electric bass guitar (a high-Z device) into an XLR-type mic input (a low-Z load). The low frequencies in the signal will roll off, so the bass will sound thin. high-Z source to a low-Z load We want the bass guitar to be loaded by a high impedance, and we want the mic input to be fed by a low-impedance signal. Impedance-matching adapter Active direct box Low z – High z mics Most mics are low Z, and all mics with XLR (3-pin) connectors are low Z. A low-Z mic can be used with hundreds of feet of cable without picking up hum or losing high frequencies. A high-Z mic will lose highs and pick up hum if the cable exceeds about 10 feet If your mixer has XLR inputs, they are low-Z balanced. Balanced and Unbalanced Balanced connections A ¼” balanced connection uses three wires Tip Signal + (Positive) Ring Signal - (Negative) Sleeve (Ground ) TRS Balanced connections An XLR balanced connection uses three wires Pin 1 (Ground ) Pin 2 + (Positive) Pin 3 - (Negative) Female Male Balanced connections The balanced connection has the advantage that it rejects noise and interference that may be picked up on long cable runs Unbalanced An unbalanced connection uses two cable wires Signal Ground Types of Cabling ¼ unbalanced line/instrument cabling XLR balanced cable used for microphone and line level connections RCA unbalanced line level/ phono connections Speaker cable, various gauges depending on the application AC Cabling Patch bays are not common in live sound Mutipins ( Snakes, outboard racks, consoles ) Inserts ( Tip, Ring, Sleeve, unbalanced x 2 ) Insert Cable Insert Cable Pg. 294 Gives you an unbalanced input and output from a tip ring sleeve connector on the console Eq’s, Compressors, Gates, Effects for a single channel English an American consoles may be wired differently If no signal is present flip input and output on the device being inserted Speaker Cables Can be used with ¼” , Banana Plug or Speakon connectors. ¼” Speaker Connector ¼” Speaker Connector Tip Positive + Ring Negative – Do not use for instruments may cause buzz Vice Versa ( Do not use Instrument cables to run speaker, may short amplifier, causing failure or damage ) Banana Plugs 2 conductor connector positive and negative Fit into binding terminals on amplifiers Tab is usually wired to the negative terminal Can be piggy backed, connected to each other Recently outlawed in Europe Binding Posts Speakon Connectors Three different types NL2 NL4 NL8 Speakon Connectors Industry Standard NL2 ( Two Pin Connectors ) +1 -1 Used for Single Speaker Connections NL4 ( Four Pin Connectors ) +1 -1, +2 -2 Used for two Speaker Connections ( BiAmp) NL8 ( Eight Pin Connectors ) +1 -1, +2 -2, +3 -3, +4 -4 Used for 3 or 4 way Speaker Connections Speakon Connectors No universal wiring configuration Check amplifier specifications for pin wiring configuration NL 4 Speakon Coupler NL 8 Speakon Coupler Adaptors Adaptors are available for every possible application M/XLR to ¼” M/XLR to ¼” M/XLR Turnaround Fem/XLR Turnaround RCA Adaptors RCA to ¼” ¼” to RCA Fem RCA to Fem RCA XLR Split and Y Cable AC Alternating current Standard circuits are 115 volt 15amp 60Hz 1 amp = approximately 100 watts Rule of thumb Maximum amount of power you can draw from one 15 amp circuit is approximately 1500 watts Hubble to Camlock Camlock, Twist Lock, U-Ground 30 amp Break out Stove Plug 40 amps IEC Powered Speakers Effects outboard equipment Instrument amps Keyboards Computers Consoles International Electrotechnical Commission Cabling Tips Don’t buy cheap cable Keep all cable runs tidy Do not run cables through the performance area Keep ac cabling and audio lines separate whenever possible to reduce noise Try not to run ac lines and audio lines parallel to each other to reduce noise Leave mic cable slack by the stand or instrument Do not leave mic cabling slack at the snake head or piled up on top of each other Leave speaker cable slack by the speakers not the amps Cabling Tips Do not share ac power with lighting Use the proper length cable for the application whenever possible Use Sub snakes whenever possible to reduce clutter Use strain relief whenever possible Don’t tug on cables Wrap over under Pack up and wrap cabling in the reverse order of running them