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Do Now Download Development Honors Notes off of my website Where’s my money?!?!?! Hand in Meiosis Pictures Lab Honors Biology Something to think about as your open up your notes Humans have approx. 50-75 trillion cells and these cells are all different types (hair, skin, liver, stomach cells, etc.). Honors Biology How can you explain all these types of cells if humans only start as a single cell? Animal Reproduction & Development AP Biology 2007- Embryology The study of the Embryo An organism in the Honors Biology IMPORTANT! RECOMBINATION Sperm = DNA (haploid) : one version of each type of chromosome. Egg = DNA (haploid): same as above The combination of one sperm with one egg will unite and make . If another sperm or another egg unite, a human would result. Honors Biology Recombination: SO MANY OPTIONS! Honors Biology Honors Biology 3 stages of embryo development 1. 2. 3. Honors Biology Oogenesis What is the advantage of this development system? Unequal meiotic divisions unequal distribution of cytoplasm egg polar bodies Meiosis 1 completed during egg maturation ovulation Meiosis 2 completed triggered by fertilization Put all your egg Honors Biology in one basket! Fertilization Honors Biology fertilization cleavage Gastrulation Differentiation Fertilization Joining of Honors Biology (nucleus) enters 1) Cleavage Repeated of zygote 1st step to becoming cellular unequal divisions establishes body plan different cells receive different portions of egg cytoplasm & therefore different regulatory signals Honors Biology Cleavage zygote m b establishes future development zygote gastrulation Honors Biology morula blastula 2) Gastrulation gastrulation in primitive chordates Establish 3 cell layers E outer body tissues skin, nails, teeth nerves, eyes, lining of mouth M ectoderm middle tissues blood & lymph, bone & notochord, mesoderm muscle excretory & reproductive systems E inner lining digestive system lining of respiratory, excretory & reproductive systems Honors Biologyvs. deuterostome protostome endoderm Testing… In a study of the development of frogs, groups of cells in the germ layers of several embryos in the early gastrula stage were stained with five different dyes that do not harm living tissue. After organogenesis (organ formation), the location of the dyes was noted, as shown in the table below. Tissue Brain Notochord Liver Lens of the eye Lining of the digestive tract Honors Biology Stain Red Yellow Green Blue Purple Neurulation Formation of notochord & neural tube develop into system Neural tube Notochord develops into vertebral column Honors Biology develops into CNS (brain & spinal cord) Growth and Differentiation Mammalian embryo Umbilical blood vessels Chorion Bird embryo Amnion Yolk sac Allantois Fetal blood vessels Placenta Honors Biology Maternal blood vessels Honors Biology AP Biology Testing… All of the following correctly describe the fate of the embryonic layers of a vertebrate EXCEPT A. neural tube and epidermis develop from ectoderm B. linings of digestive organs and lungs develop from endoderm C. notochord and kidneys develop from endoderm D. skeletal muscles and heart develop from mesoderm E. reproductive organs and blood vessels develop from mesoderm Honors Biology A Honors Biology B C D E F Honors Biology 3. Growth and Differentiation As embryo develops, the # of cells continues to Differentiation cells become Different sections of DNA are turned . , some are Certain cells act as organizers These cells influence other cells to become certain cells, tissues Honors Biology STEM CELLS Omnipotent = have the potential to be type of cell. If mitosis is done, all cells are identical. FACT: all of your cells contain the (because of mitosis) Honors Biology HOW DO WE GET DIFFERENT CELLS? Differentiation: some DNA is turned off and only some directions are read, for example: Skin cells: all DNA directions are turned off, except for how to make skin. Honors Biology Honors Biology Internal Development Development of the embryo of the body Honors Biology , in the 1. Placental Mammals Placenta - part of the wall of the uterus Site of !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Embryo’s and mother’s circulatory system are touching BUT NOT Honors Biology Umbilical cord Contains that the embryo will get nourishment and oxygen from the mother’s blood to the Honors Biology Human fetal development 4 weeks Honors Biology 7 weeks Human fetal development 10 weeks Honors Biology Human fetal development 12 weeks Honors Biology 20 weeks Human fetal development The fetus just spends much of the 2nd & 3rd trimesters just growing …and doing various flip-turns & kicks inside amniotic fluid Week 20 Honors Biology Human fetal development 24 weeks (6 months; 2nd trimester) fetus is covered with fine, downy hair called lanugo. Its skin is protected by a waxy material called vernix Honors Biology Human fetal development 30 weeks (7.5 months) umbilical cord Honors Biology positive feedback Honors Biology Birth Getting crowded in there!! 32 weeks (8 months) The fetus sleeps 90-95% of the day & sometimes experiences REM sleep, an indication of dreaming Honors Biology Birth (36 weeks) Honors Biology The end of the journey! And you think 9 months of BioH is hard! Honors Biology 2. Nonplacental Mammals mammals Duckbilled platypus Anteaters mammals Embryo begins to develop in uterus Crawls into mother’s pouch Finishes developing in pouch Kangaroo, opossum Honors Biology 1) Albumen – S A A E A Y 2) Allantois – 3) Amnion – 4) Yolk – 5) Shell – Calcium carbonate, Honors Biology August 08’ Honors Biology June 08’ Honors Biology August 07’ Honors Biology