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KINGDOM ANIMALIA
CHARACTERISTICS
 EUKARYOTIC
 MULTICELLULAR
 HETEROTROPHIC
(by ingestion)
 MOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFE
 DIGEST FOOD TO GET NUTRIENTS
 LACK CELL WALLS
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
TRENDS IN ANIMAL EVOLUTION
CELL SPECIALIZATION
 CEPHALIZATION
 EARLY DEVELOPMENT
 BODY SYMMETRY
 BODY CAVITY FORMATION

CELL SPECIALIZATION

CELLS FORM TISSUES
– EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)
– CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)
– MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)
– NERVOUS (brain, nerves)
CEPHALIZATION

CONCENTRATION OF SENSE ORGANS
AND NERVE CELLS AT FRONT END OF
BODY
EARLY DEVELOPMENT
FERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTE
 BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells)
 GASTRULA (stage when layers that
produce adult tissues form)
 GERM LAYER
FORMATION

GERM LAYERS
 ECTODERM
 ENDODERM
 MESODERM
GERM LAYERS – SEE PAGE 494
 ECTODERM
– Covers surface of embryo
– Forms outer covering & CNS
 ENDODERM
– Innermost germ layer
– Forms lining of digestive tract, liver,
lungs
 MESODERM
– Located b/w ectoderm & endoderm
– Forms muscles & most organs
BODY SYMMETRY
 Animal’s
body plans are adapted
for how they get their food
 they may be motile (move) or
sessile (don’t move)
3 TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRY
 Asymmetrical-no
sponge)
 Radial-body
symmetry (ex,
Bilateral- body plan in
which single line can
divide body into 2
equal parts
plan in which body
parts repeat around center of
body
ANATOMICAL TERMS
 Dorsal-
top or back
 Ventral- bottom
 Anterior- head end that goes first
 Posterior- tail end that follows
 Lateral- along the side (lengthwise)
ANATOMICAL TERMS
Dorsal
Anterior
Posterior
Ventral
BODY PLANS
OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION

ACOELOMATE- no body cavity b/w
digestive tract and outer body wall
ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
BODY PLANS
OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION

COELOMATE- body cavity forms and
cushions organs, allows for growth of
organs.
Ex. Annelids (earthworm)
FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
 HERBIVORES-
as plants
eat vegetation such
FEEDING HETEROTROPHS

CARNIVORES- eat other animals
FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
 OMNIVORES-
feed on both
vegetation & other animals
FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
 FILTER
FEEDERS- feed by straining
tiny floating plants
FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
 DETRITUS
FEEDERS- feed on tiny
bits of decaying matter
Sea Cucumber
FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
 PARASITES- feed on living organisms
usually destroying or injuring the host
organism
2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF ANIMALS

INVERTEBRATES
– 95% of animal
species
– No backbone

VERTEBRATES
– 5% of animal species
– Contains backbone
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
OF ANIMALS
FEEDING
 RESPIRATION
 CIRCULATION
 EXCRETION
 RESPONSE
 MOVEMENT
 REPRODUCTION

VARIOUS ANIMAL FUNCTIONS HELP
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS OFTEN BY
USING FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
INCLUDING FEEDBACK INHIBITION
 EXAMPLE: DOGS GET HOT RUNNING,
NERVOUS SYSTEM TRIGGERS PANTING.
PANTING REDUCES BODY TEMPERATURE
SO PANTING STOPS.

9 Major Phylum

Board notes!

Homework: page 508, #1-6, #8