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Life Span Development Modules 4-6 Physical Changes Smoking and Birth Weight Neural Development Motor Development Language: Acquisition & Critical Periods Noam Chomsky nature argument children have a predisposition to learn language a person’s brain is hardwired to learn vocabulary and the rules of grammar B.F. Skinner nurture argument believed language was the result of learning through: 1. 2. 3. association: linking certain sounds with certain people or objects imitation rewards “I speak, therefore I think.” Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis proposed by Benjamin Whorf one’s language determines what we can be aware of or think about (language governs thinking) example: shades of white (snow) Critical Period & Language critical period – limited time when an event can occur; may be difficult, less successful, or impossible to develop it later language critical period: around age 10 example: Genie case (video clip) Cognitive Development Piaget’s Cognitive Stages pages 63-68 Cognition all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, & remembering children think differently than adults Jean Piaget developmental psychologist proposed first theory of the development of thinking & reasoning (four stages) the way children think & solve problems depends on their stage of development Schemas Concepts or mental frameworks that help people organize & interpret information & experiences Examples: dog, school, dating How do you create schemas? 1. Assimilation 2. Accommodation Assimilation interpret a new experience within the context of existing schemas Example: inviting someone out for a date Accommodation adapt (change) one’s current schemas to incorporate new information Assimilation/Accommodation Assimilation/Accommodation Assimilation/Accommodation Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Stage Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operations Formal Operations Age Range Description Key Developmental Events 1) Sensorimotor Stage birth – 2 years child gathers information about world through senses & motor functions (grasping, touching) key developmental event: object permanence Object Permanence awareness that things continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed between 8 – 10 months & is evidence of a working memory Develops 2) Preoperational Stage age 2 to 6 – 7 can understand language but does not think logically, egocentric in thought, doesn’t fully understand cause-and-effect connections key developmental events: lack conservation, develop language, pretend play Egocentrism inability to take another’s point of view & understand their perspective Conservation Task 1 Conservation understanding that properties (mass, volume, numbers) remain the same even if you change an object’s form Conservation Conservation Conservation Types of Conservation Tasks 3) Concrete Operational Stage 7 – 11 learn to think logically, can perform simple math operations & trial-and-error problem-solving strategies, difficulty with hypothetical scenarios key developmental events: conservation age 4) Formal Operational Stage age 12 – adulthood can think logically and in the abstract, can solve hypothetical problems (what if…. problems), can handle moral & ethical dilemmas key developmental events: abstract logic, mature moral reasoning Examples of Formal Operational Thought Whenever Emily goes to school, Meredith also goes to school. Emily went to school. What can you say about Meredith? “What would happen if there was no sun?” Social Development in Infancy & Childhood: Attachment pages 68 - 71 Attachment emotional tie with another person; demonstrated by seeking closeness to caregiver 3 Elements of Attachment: 1. 2. 3. body contact familiarity responsiveness Body Contact - Harry Harlow Study researched attachment in infant monkeys monkeys had to choose between: cloth mother with no food wire mother that provided food Which do you think they choose? Harry Harlow Result: monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother Familiarity Sense of contentment with what/who you already know Infants are familiar w/ parents and caregivers anxiety – develops by around 8 months Stranger Social Development in Adolescence page 88 - 89 Erik Erikson constructed an 8-stage theory of psychosocial development each stage of life presents a unique set of social demands and conflicts the way each demand/conflict is handled leads to a more or less desirable outcome Psychosocial Peg Word Mnemonic Moral Development: Lawrence Kohlberg pages 85 -88 Lawrence Kohlberg three-stage theory on how moral reasoning develops reasoning – sense of right and wrong moral to self: read 1st paragraph on page 86 note 1. Preconventional Moral Reasoning characterized by the desire to avoid punishment or gain reward typically children under the age of 9 2. Conventional Moral Reasoning primary concern is to fit in and play the role of a good citizen strong desire to follow the rules and laws typical of most adults 3. Postconventional Moral Reasoning characterized by universal ethical principles that represent the rights or obligations of all people follow laws unless they violate ethical principles most adults do not reach this level not well supported – sample group: white, male, western cultures