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Adolescence
Module 9
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Adolescence
Adolescence Overview
 Physical Development
 Cognitive Development
 Social Development
Emerging Adulthood
Today psychologists believe that
development is a lifelong process.
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Adolescence
 Adolescence
 the transition period from childhood to
adulthood
 extending from puberty to
independence
 Puberty
 the period of sexual maturation
 when a person becomes capable of
reproduction
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Primary Sexual Characteristics
During puberty primary
sexual characteristics the
reproductive organs and
external genitalia develop
rapidly.
Ellen Senisi/ The Image Works
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Secondary Sexual Characteristics
:the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips
in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in
boys develop. Pubic and armpit hair in both sexes.
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Brain Development
…at adolescence, selective pruning of the neurons
begins. Unused neuronal connections are lost to
make other pathways more efficient.
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Frontal Cortex
The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system’s
development.
Hormonal surges and the limbic system may
explain teen impulsiveness.
Remember how
everything negative
in Jr. High was a
disaster…?
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Cognitive Development
Adolescents’ ability to reason gives them a new
level of social awareness.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Their own thinking.
What others are thinking.
What others are thinking about them.
How ideals can be reached. They criticize
society, parents, and even themselves.
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Developing Morality
Kohlberg (1981, 1984): formulated stages of moral
development.
He posed moral dilemmas…such as “Should a
person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life?”
Link Where is
morality at PBS 14:08
AP Photo/ Dave Martin
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Gilligan’s criticism…
• Women score lower than men…
• Kohlberg stages derived from interviews with
males.
• For males, advanced moral thought revolves
around rules, rights, and abstract principles.
• For women, morality centers not on rights and
rules but on interpersonal relationships and the
ethics of compassion and care.
Why is something immoral?
• Would be all right for a brother and sister
to have voluntary protected sex?
• Would it be all right for a family to eat a pet
dog that had been killed by a car?
• Would it be all right to break a deathbed
vow to visit your mother’s grave?
3 Basic Levels of Moral Thinking
1.
2.
3.
Preconventional Morality:
Before age 9, children show
morality to avoid punishment
or gain reward.
Conventional Morality: By
early adolescence, social rules
and laws are upheld for their
own sake.
Postconventional Morality:
Affirms people’s agreed-upon
rights or follows personally
perceived ethical principles.
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Woman needs drug and can’t
afford it, man steals it…should he
have done this?
• 1 Should not steal because he will be jailed
• 2 Should steal because wife will repay him later
• 3 Should steal because he loves his wife and
has duty to care for her, she and rest of family
will approve
• 4 Should steal because he has a duty to care for
her or not steal because it is illegal.
• 5 Should steal because life is more important
• 6 Should steal because of the principle of
preserving and respecting life
Moral Action
Moral action involves doing the right thing.
People who engage in doing the right thing
develop empathy for others and the self-discipline
to resist their own impulses.
Learning to behave in moral ways requires…
1. Consistent modeling
2. Real life experience
3. Situational factors that support moral actions
Delay Gratification link at TED 6:02
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Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosocial Development
Mnemonic
Approximate
age
Stage
Description of Task
Infancy
(1st year)
Trust vs. mistrust
If needs are dependably met, infants
develop a sense of basic trust.
Toddler
(2nd year)
Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and
and doubt
do things for themselves, or they
doubt their abilities.
Preschooler
(3-5 years)
Initiative vs. guilt
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks
and carry out plans, or they feel
guilty about efforts to be independent.
Elementary
(6 yearspuberty)
Competence vs.
inferiority
Children learn the pleasure of applying
themselves to tasks, or they feel
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inferior.
Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosocial Development
Mnemonic link
Approximate
age
Stage
Description of Task
Adolescence
(teens into
20’s)
Identity vs. role
confusion
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by
testing roles and then integrating them to
form a single identity, or they become
confused about who they are.
Young Adult
(20’s to early
40’s)
Intimacy vs.
isolation
Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate
love, or they feel socially isolated.
Middle Adult
(40’s to 60’s)
Generativity vs.
stagnation
The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family
and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
Late Adult
(late 60’s and
up)
Integrity vs.
despair
When reflecting on his or her life, the older
adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or 26
failure.
Adolescence: Social
Development
 Identity
 one’s sense of self
 the adolescent’s task is to solidify a
sense of self by testing and integrating
various roles
 Intimacy
 the ability to form close, loving
relationships
 a primary developmental task in late
adolescence and early adulthood
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Parents and
Peers are
influential.
Peers more
than parents
sometimes…
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Emerging Adulthood 18-25
During this time, young adults may live with their
parents and attend college or work.
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EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Edition in Modules)
David Myers
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University, James A.
McCubbin, Ph.D.
Clemson University, Amy Jones, Garber edits
Worth Publishers, © 2008
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