Download Flowering Plants

How Are Plants
All Alike?
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General characteristics
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All plants are eukaryotic, multicellular,
autotrophs (producers),nonmobile, and have a
cell wall.
THE SUN: MAIN SOURCE OF
ENERGY FOR LIFE ON EARTH
THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as
are some bacteria and protists
– Autotrophs make their own organic matter (energy)
through photosynthesis
– Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the
form of chemical bonds
(c) Euglena
(b) Kelp
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
(d) Cyanobacteria
Light Energy Harvested by Plants &
Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6
O2
Photosynthesis
• Uses a green pigment (cholorphyll)
to capture energy from the sun to
convert it to a usable form of
energy.
• Takes place in the cholorplasts of a
plant cell.
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WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?
It's not that easy bein' green
Having to spend each day the color of the leaves
When I think it could be nicer being red or yellow or gold
Or something much more colorful like that…
Kermit the Frog
Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis
– All green plant parts have chloroplasts and carry
out photosynthesis
• The leaves have the most chloroplasts
• The green color comes from chlorophyll in the
chloroplasts
• The pigments absorb light energy
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The location and structure of chloroplasts
Chloroplast
LEAF CROSS SECTION
MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Granum
Grana
Stroma
Inner
membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid
Thylakoid
compartment
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE
COLOR NOT ABSORBED
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Chloroplasts
absorb light
energy and
convert it to
chemical energy
Light
Reflected
light
Transmitted
light
Chloroplast
Absorbed
light
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Photosynthesis is the process by which
autotrophic organisms use light energy to make
sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and
water
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Glucose
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Oxygen
gas
Food Chain
WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?
Plant Cells
have Green
Chloroplasts
The thylakoid
membrane of the
chloroplast is
impregnated with
photosynthetic
pigments (i.e.,
chlorophylls,
carotenoids).
Cellular Respiration
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Both plants and animals use this!
Plants use this when there is no sunlight!
Happens in the mitochondria of a cell.
Cells release energy from food if oxygen is
present.
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Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
+Photosynthesis
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Keep oxygen and Carbon Dioxide levels
normal!
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Transpiraiton
When water
evaporates
from tiny holes
(stomata) in
the leaf!
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Plant Reproduction
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Alternation of generations life
cycle
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage
Produce multicellular embryo
protected inside multicellular
haploid (gametophyte egg sac)
tissue
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Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte
2n Sporophyte
2n gametophyte
1n pollen
2n seed with
plant embryo
Sporophyte
Ovary with
1n ovules
(eggs)
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Plant
Divisions
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Taxonomy
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Plants are divided
into two groups
Based on the
presence or
absence of an
internal transport
system for water
and dissolved
materials
Called Vascular
System
Vascular
Bundles
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Nonvascular Plants
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Do not have vascular
tissue for support or
conduction of
materials
Sporophyte stageproduce spores
Gametophyte stageproduce seeds.
Sporophyte stage
Gametophyte
Stage
Moss Gametophytes &
Sporophytes
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Nonvascular Plants
Plants can’t grow as tall
 Cells must be in direct contact
with moisture
 No roots!
 Materials move by diffusion
cell-to-cell
 Sperm must swim to egg
through water droplets
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Nonvascular Plants
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Includes mosses (Bryophyta),
liverworts (Hepatophyta), and
hornworts (Antherophyta)
Liverworts
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Hornworts
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Vascular System
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Xylem tissue carries water and
minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made
by photosynthesis from the leaves
to where they will be stored or
used
Sap is the fluid carried inside the
xylem or phloem
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Xylem and
Phloem also
provide
stability,
support, and
strength to the
plant.
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Vascular Plants
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Also called
Tracheophytes
Subdivided into
two groups
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Seedless
vascular plants
and
Seed-bearing
vascular plants
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Club Moss
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Seedless Vascular Plants
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Includes club moss (Lycophyta),
horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk
ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns
(Pterophyta)
Whisk ferns
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Horsetails
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Seed-Producing Vascular
Plants
Includes two groups:
Gymnosperm (Cone bearing plants)
Angiosperm (Flowering Plants)
•
•
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• Flowers that produce seeds to attract
pollinators to produce seeds.
• Seeds are enclosed in a protective
layer or a fruit.
Naked seeds in Cones
Non-flowering
Seeds are not enclosed in a fruit
Needle-like leaves
Reproductive structure=cones
Example: Pine trees
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Gymnosperms
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Conifers (pine,
cedar, spruce, and
fir)
cycads
ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo
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Gymnosperms
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Contains the
oldest living
plant – Bristle
cone pine
Contains the
tallest living
plant – Sequoia
or redwood
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Angiosperms
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Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an
egg or ovule is fertilized by
pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male
and/or female parts of the
plant
Fruits are frequently
produced from these
ripened ovaries (help
disperse seeds)
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Main Parts of Vascular
Plants
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Shoots
-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of
plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant
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Parts of a Flowering plant
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Stems: Transport water and nutrients up
throughout the plant
Flower: Specialized reproductive structures that
are often colorful to attract pollinators.
Roots: Anchor plant in the ground and gather
water and nutrients from the soil.
Leaves: Contain chloroplasts and chlorophyll for
photosynthesis.
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Male reproductive structure-Stamen
Female Reproductive Structure-Pistil
The pistil has the STICKY stigma that is held
up by the style.
Stamen holds up the anther
Anther produces pollen.
The ovary contains the eggs.
Once eggs are fertilized they become seeds
and the ovary turns in to a fruit
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Why We Can’t do Without
Plants!
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Produce oxygen for the
atmosphere
Produce lumber for building
Provide homes and food for many
organisms
Prevent erosion
Used for food
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More Reasons We Can’t do
Without Plants!
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Produce wood pulp for paper
products
Source of many medicines
Ornamental and shade for yards
Fibers such as cotton for fabric
Dyes
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Roots anchor seed plants to the ground, absorb water and
minerals from the soil, and sometimes store food in the form of
starch.
The stems carry substances between the roots and the leaves,
support the plant, and hold the leaves up to the sun.
Flower Structure