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Introduction to Plants To Introduce • Make a list of five plants you might eat during a typical day • Which part of the plant are you eating when you eat that plant? To Introduce • Brainstorm a list of products you use that originate from plants……. Plants differ from Algae • All plants are multicellular and develop tissues Why are plants so important? Photosynthesis…….. They take in CO2 and Release O2. What does this do for us? Characteristics of Plants • • • • • • Many celled Most contain CHLOROPHYLL Cell walls Most have roots or root-like structure Eukaryotic cells Created to live in many different environments • 285,000+ species For Review… • Plants are beneficial because they release carbon dioxide. A. True B. False Adaptations for Land Life 1. Protection and support • Cell walls made of CELLULOSE • Provide structure and support • CUTICLES are a waxy protective layer that also keep plants from drying out Adaptations for Land Life 2. Reproduction • Most land plants do not rely on water in order to reproduce • Two stages of reproduction: • • Sporophyte = plants make spores Gametophytes = plants that grow from spores For Review… • This provides structure and support to a plant. A. Cellulose B. Cuticles For Review… • This structure helps a plant to not dry out. A. Cellulose B. Cuticles Classification • Classified into major DIVISIONS (phyla) (page 244) • VASCULAR vs. NONVASCULAR • Nonvascular plants do not have special tissues to move water and nutrients through the plant • They rely on DIFFUSION • Small plants Divisions • Seedless & Seed Plants • Bryophyta - nonvascular plants – Class Musci - the mosses • Pterophyta - ferns, seedless plants • Spenophyta – horsetails and scouring rushes Divisions • Ginkgophyta – ginkgos • Cycadophyta – cycads • Gnetophyta – gnetums Divisions • Lycophyta – club mosses • Coniferophyta - cone-forming seed plants • Anthophyta - fruit-forming seed plants (Angiosperms) – Class Monocotyledonae - plants with one seed leaf – Class Dicotyledonae - plants with two seed leaves Seedless Plants Seedless Nonvascular • Simple plants – – – – – – – Few cells thick No roots No stems No leaves No flowers Grow from spores Mosses and Liverworts Mosses • Simple rootless plant with leaf-like growths in a spiral around a stalk • RHIZOIDS = rootlike threads made of a few long cells • Osmosis Liverworts • “herb for the liver” • Rhizoid made of one cell • Like mosses, grow in damp areas • WHY??? Moss Life Cycle • Page 277 in your text book • ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS = continuous cycle which alternates between spore and sex cell producing phases • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcon tent/animations/content/moss.html Moss Life Cycle •Moss appears as soft green carpet •GAMETOPHYTE = sex-cell producing structure –May produce male, female or both –Via water male sperm splashed onto female part and swim to eggs • Fertilized egg develops into zygote (diploid) that will grow into the sporophyte •SPOROPHYTE = spore-producing stage –Stalk and capsule –Capsule will release spores - haploid –Spores germinate into threadlike structure Importance • PIONEER SPECIES – 1st to grow in new or disturbed areas • Weathering of rocks • Formation of soil • Build up decaying plant materials to provide nutrients • Pave the way for other plants For Review… • A. B. C. D. The root-like threads of mosses Hyphea Rhizoids Sori Sporophyte For Review… • The stage in a mosses life cycle that produces the sex-cells. A. Gametophyte B. Sporophyte For Review… • Mosses are considered a pioneer species because A. They ride in covered wagons B. They grow in an area after other species of plants begin to grow C. They help create soil in new or disturbed areas Seedless Vascular • Have vascular tissue • Produce spores • Tube like vascular tissue to carry water, minerals, and nutrients throughout plant • How is this an advantage? • Club mosses, spike mosses, horsetails, ferns Club and Spike Mosses • Produce spores at end of stems • Lycopodium used for décor • Resurrection Plant Horsetails • Jointed stem • “scouring rush” • Used by pioneers to scour pots and pans (silica) Ferns • Largest group in Pterophyta • Produce spores in SORI on back of leaves • Coal is formed from plant build up over long period of time • BOG = Spongy wet ground of slowly decaying plants = Peat fuel – Bryophytes and ferns Fern Life Cycle • • • • • Page 279 in your text book RHIZOME = underground stem FROND = leaf of a fern SORI = spore cases Spores released to damp soil will germinate into heart shaped gametophyte plants = PROTHALLUS • This will produce sex cells to form a zygote • Sporophyte and gametophyte can survive on their own Importance • House plants • Prevent soil erosion • Some are edible • Horsetails: • Dietary supplements • Shampoos • Skin-care products For Review… • A. B. C. D. The spore cases of a fern Sori Sporangia Rhizome Frond