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Chapter 25 Plants Brandon Kraft, Carly Miller, and Nick Rego Evolutionary Trends Among Plants Photoautotrophs-organisms that get energy from sun and CO2 Non-vascular plants Account for remainder of plants Bryophytes Vascular plants Account for most plants Roots, stems, leaves Liverworts Three Types Hornworts Mosses Seedless Vascular Plants Cycads, lycophytes, ferns Seed-Bearing Vascular Plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of Roots, Stems, and Leaves Roots Evolved for life on land Underground, absorbtive Shoot systems Stems and leaves Above Ground Absorb Sunlight and CO2 Support of cell wall Evolved Lignin Vascular tissue- for transport of materials Xylem Phloem Water conservationnecessary because of air exposure (prevents dehydration Cuticle Stomata Evolution of Pollen and Seeds Heterospory Produce two types of spores Sperm-bearing gametophytes Female gametophytes Spread by air, insects, birds Seeds - contain embryo and sustinence Bryophytes Mosses(most common), liverworts, hornworts (nonvascular) 3 adaptive features: 1. Above ground parts display a cuticle with numerous stomata 2. Cellular protective jacket surrounds the sperm-producing and egg-producing parts of the plant to prevent drying 3. The embryo sporophyte begins life inside the female gametophyte Branched, feathery patterns Reproduce w/ flagellated sperm, which require liquid water to reach and fertilize the eggs Moss Life Cycle Existing Seedless Vascular Plants Whisk ferns, Lycophytes, Horsetails, Ferns 3 Differences from Bryophytes Sporophyte not attached to a gametophyte Has vascular tissues Longer phase in life cycle Habitat Moist places Gametophytes lack vascular tissue Sperm needs water to reach egg Life Cycle of a Fern The Rise of the Seed-Bearing Plants *360 million years ago 3 differences from seedless vascular plants 1. Produce pollen grains-the sperm-bearing male gametophytes Microspores give rise to pollen grains Does not depend on H20 2. Also produce megaspores, which develop inside ovules-at maturity is a seed (consist of female gametophyte) 3. Have H20 conserving traits Thicker cuticles Stomata recessed below the leaf surface. Spore of A Lycophyte Seed-Bearing Plants Depend on Pollen grains Ovules that mature into seeds Tissue changes adapted to dry conditions GymnospermsPlants with “Naked” Seeds Have exposed seeds gymnos means “naked,” sperma means “seed” Conifers - have cones Woody trees/shrubs with needlelike leaves Cones- clusters of modified leaves that surround the spore-producing structures Firs, yews, spruces, junipers, larches, cypresses, etc. Lesser Known Gymnosperms Cycads-have pollen-bearing and seed bearing cones that form on separate plants Tropical/Subtropical areas Largest seed-bearing cones Many vulnerable to extinction Gingko Gingko biloba - only survivor Diverse in dinosaur times Males are resistant to insects, disease, and air pollutants Gnetophytes-woody plants that have 3 types Tropics and arid areas **Groups of existing gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes, which bear their seeds on exposed surfaces of cones and other sporeproducing structures. Conifers Gymnosperms that reproduce via Cone Structures (Pinecones) Conifers produce both male and female pinecones Male Pinecones Produce Microspores (Pollen grains) that drift into the air Female Pinecones Produce Megaspores (Female Gametophtes) Accept Pollen grains Pollen Grows into Ovule Fertilization Occurs months after pollination Slow Reproductive Rate Disadvantage Angiosperms reproduce faster and compete for resources Deforestation Vulnerable Angiosperms The Flowering Seed-Bearing Plants Most Successful Plants Only plants that flower Angeion- Female reproductive part of flower Requires pollination Transfer of pollen from one plant to next Pollination Processes Airborne pollen Pollinators Insects, bats, birds Coevolution Angiosperm diagram: Dicots and Monocots Two Types Monocots and Dicots Monocots Monocotyledon One cotyledon (seed leaf for storage of food) in seeds Floral parts in groups of threes Parallel veins in leaves Orchids, palms, lilies, grasses (most crops-wheat, corn, etc) Dicots Dicotyledon Two cotyledons in seeds Floral parts in groups of four or five Net-veined leaves Most Herbaceous (non-wooden) plants Most flowering shrubs and trees Water Lilies, Cacti