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Plant Reproduction Not just birds and bees do it… SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SEEDLESS PLANTS 1. Sexual Reproduction in Seedless Plants a. Fertilization for seedless plants usually occurs during or soon after rain, when the spores are covered with water. b. Only then can the sperm swim to the egg. c. Once together they form a sporophyte, which can then continue its life cycle. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SEED PLANTS 2. Sexual Reproduction in Seed Plants a. Gymnosperms & Angiosperms (seed plants) do not release spores in rain like other plants 2. Sexual Reproduction in Seed Plants b. Examples of Reproductive Structures: Pollen Grain - male gamete. Wind and animals transport pollen grains Ovule - female gamete. Stays on plant 3. Reproduction Terms a. Pollination - transfer of pollen grains from the male structures to the female structures. b. Seed Coat - the hardened outer cell layers of an ovule that protects the embryo. 3. Reproduction Terms C. Cotyledon - leaf-like structures (seed leaves) that are a part of the embryo. Douglas fir i. Gymnosperms – have two or more cotyledons ii. Angiosperms: Monocots – have 1 cotyledon Dicots – have 2 cotyledons Monocot vs Dicot cotyledons 3. Reproduction Terms D. Gymnosperms – type of plant where seeds develop within cones. E. Angiosperms – type of plant where the seeds develop within flowers. Male Female 4. Cones a. Benefit: Offer protection b. Drawback: Wind pollination . Animals don’t usually eat cones. c. Some species have “berrylike” cones for distribution (juniper and yew) Berry like Male 5. Flowers a. b. Benefit: Attracting pollinators for more directed “reproduction” Drawback: Not as protective as cones (some flowers are tasty to both animals and people). 5. Flowers C. Flowers Have Four Whorls (Layers): i. ii. Sepals – the outermost layer= protection when the flower is a bud. Petals –used to attract the pollinators. Petal Sepal 5. Flowers- 4 whorls iii. Stamens –make pollen. – pollen-producing sac on top of stamen. Anther iv. Pistils –produces ovules. Ovary – the pistil’s swollen lower portion is the where the ovules develop. Style – the stalk that rises from ovary. Stigma – the swollen, sticky tip of style. Pistil spot Stamen Petal Christmas Lillium (Lilium longiflorum). 1. Stigma, 2. Style, 3. Stamens, 4. Filament, 5. Petal D. How flowers attract pollinators Color (even white) ii. Scent - Some smell sweet (promise of nectar, some smell terrible (flies are attracted to lay their eggs) iii. Bribes – nectar iv. Lies - hormones and shape may deceive wasps i. E. Examples of Flower Pollinators: a. Bees b. Flies c. Moths d. Hummingbirds e. Bats f. Wind 6. Fruits A fruit is a ripened ovary b. The fruit protects the seeds and also allows for distribution of the seeds a. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS 7. Asexual or Vegetative Reproduction in Plants a. Asexual reproduction in plants involves the vegetative (non-reproductive) parts of the plants, such as stems, roots, and leaves. b. Runners, corms, bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes are some of the structures involved. c. The benefit of asexual reproduction is speed! Name Description Examples Runner Horizontal, above ground stems Bermuda grass Bulb Very short stem with thick fleshy leaves; only in monocots Onions, daffodils, tulips Corm Very short, thickened underground stem with scaly leaves Gladiolus, crocus Rhizome Horizontal underground stem Iris, ferns, sugar cane Tuber Potatoes Swollen, fleshy, underground stem Runners Bulb Corm Rhizome Tuber