Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Plant stress measurement wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Roselyn Aperocho-Naranjo Pharmacy Instructor USPF, College of Pharmacy Anatomy of the Leaf What are the layers of the Leaf? set of cells forming the upper and lower layers of a leaf line outlining a leaf organ of the leaf that division allows the exchange of gases thin superficial skin of a leaf set of cells forming the outer layer of the central layer of aleaf leaf part of the stoma lower layer of the leaf What are the parts of the plant responsible for the gas exchange? Photosynthesis What are the substances responsible for the color of the leaf? Four leaf pigments are responsible for leaf color and its changes in during autumn: chlorophylls, carotenoids, tannins, and anthocyanins. What are the substances responsible for the color of the leaf? Chlorophyll located in organelles called chloroplasts gives leaves green color absorbs the sun's radiant energy and is necessary for photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water are transformed to sugars During the growing season, chlorophyll is continually being produced and destroyed and leaves appear green. What are the substances responsible for the color of the leaf? Anthocyanins responsible for the pink and purple leaves of sugar and red maple, sassafras, sumac, white and scarlet oak, winged euonymus, dogwood, sourwood, some oaks, and many other woody plants also give color to cranberries, red apples, concord grapes, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and plums are formed when sugars combine with complex compounds called anthocyanidins this is influenced mainly by cell pH usually not present until they are produced in the autumn What are the substances responsible for the color of the leaf? Carotenoids responsible for the yellow and orange colors in leaves and also appear in such plants as corn, carrots, daffodils, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas located in the chloroplasts and assist chlorophyll in the capture of sunlight for photosynthesis What are the substances responsible for the color of the leaf? Tannins responsible for the brown hues in the leaves of some oaks and other trees golden yellow in some leaves such as beech are a result of tannins being present along with the yellow carotenoid pigments always present in the leaves, but only become visible as chlorophyll ad carotenoids disappear from leaves are bitter substances responsible for the color and flavor of tea are common waste products of tree metabolism, deposited in the cell sap inside the vacuole as well as in cell walls ANATOMY OF THE STEM is responsible for the aboveground structure of the plant, and is involved in both structural support and vascular transport. THE STEM dead center of the woody stem in which conducting outer coveringofof elements the stem xylemofare external ring of woody plants, clogged with xylem still composed of tannins and resin, conducting fluids waterproof and no cork longer cellsfunction protecting to a layerconduct of food-fluids. conducting tissue—the phloem or inner bark (also called bast). the tissue layers : A layer of reproductive cells called the cork cambium produces new cork cells to replace or reinforce the old cells THE ROOTS Root systems may be divided into two broad types: TAPROOTS and FIBROUS ROOTS: TAPROOTS FIBROUS ROOTS THE ROOTS Root systems may be divided into two broad types: TAPROOTS and FIBROUS ROOTS: Taproots are large single roots that have smaller roots extending from them. Taproots of some species store water and food. Species that have taproots include carrots, radishes and dandelions. TAPROOTS THE ROOTS Root systems may be divided into two broad types: TAPROOTS and FIBROUS ROOTS: Taproots are large single roots that have smaller roots extending from them. Taproots of some species store water and food. Species that have taproots include carrots, radishes and dandelions. FIBROUS ROOTS THE ROOTS they may act as anchorage, storage organs, an absorption network for water and nutrients, and form a symbiosis with root inhabiting fungi. They also affect their environment by leaking carbohydrates and other organic molecules, altering soil pH, filtering toxins and accumulating rare Root hair elements, providing mechanical structure in the soil and creating lines for water movement (percolines). Root Cap THE ROOTS Roots may be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary roots: THE ROOT root-like structures: It looks superficially like roots, are actually developed from stems. They extend underground and develop shoots at the surface. Rhizomes connect apparently separate plants in a living network. Rhizome (indicated by arrow) THE ROOT root-like structures: It arise from nodes near ground level on the stem, rhizome (as in the diagram above) or stolon: they are roots that do not arise from the principal root system. Adventitious roots growing from rhizome THE ROOT root-like structures: CORM is a piece of swollen tissue: they may be stem-corms or root-corms depending on the tissue of origin. A corm survives between seasons in a dormant state. STOLON is developed from a shoot. It is a specialised horizontal above-ground shoot, and a colonising organ that develops from an axillary bud, and near the base of the plant. Adventitious roots often develop from the stolon. E THE ROOT root-like structures: TUBERS BULB A true bulb differs from a corm and a tuber in that it contains 5 major parts: the basal plate (bottom of bulb where roots develop), fleshy storage tissue, the tunic (skin-like covering protecting the fleshy tissue), the developing shoot, and lateral buds. differs from a true bulb and a corm by not having a basal plate from which roots develop. It does not have a protective tunic covering. It may be formed from a stem or a root. THE FLOWER The anthers carry the pollen. These are generally yellow in color. Anthers are held up by a threadlike part called the filament. The anthers are the green carry petaltheparts pollen. These like at the base are generally yellow of the flower. Sepals in color. Anthers help protect the are held up by a threaddeveloping bud. like part called the filament. The stigma is the sticky surface at the top of the pistil; it traps and holds the pollen. The style is the tube-like structure that holds up the stigma. The style leads down to the ovary that contains the ovules. THE FLOWER Reproduction through the Male & Female Organs of the flower, namely Pistil or Carpel and Stamen. Reproduction begins during Pollination process. THE FLOWER The Pollination Process THE FLOWER The Pollination Process THE FLOWER The Pollination Process