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KEEPING PLANTS HEALTHY
CHAPTER 10
AGRISCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
FIVE MAJOR CATEGORIES
OF PESTS
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INSECTS
NEMATODES
DISEASES
WEEDS
RODENTS
CHARACTERISTICS OF
INSECTS
• Insects have three pair of legs.
• Insects body is divided into three sections:
head, thorax and abdomen.
• The legs and wings, if any, are on the
thorax.
• The abdomen usually has no attachments.
TWO TYPES OF MOUTH
PARTS
• CHEWING : Bite off, chew and swallow
parts of plants; examples include cutworms,
bean beetles and armyworms.
• SUCKING : Suck sap from a plant;
examples include aphids, chinch bugs,
thrips, squash bugs and leafhoppers.
METAMORPHOSIS
FOUR STAGES
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1. EGG
2. LARVA
3. PUPA
4. ADULT
EXAMPLES OF INSECTS WITH
COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
INCLUDE MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES,
BEETLES AND BOLL WEEVILS.
INCOMPLETE
METAMORPHOSIS
• 1. EGG
• 2. NYMPH
• 3. ADULT
• EXAMPLE IS A GRASSHOPPER
WAYS INSECTS ARE
BENEFICIAL
• IMPROVE THE SOIL - Allow air to enter
the soil or bury decaying parts of plants:
ants,wild bees and beetles.
• HELP POLLINATE PLANTS - Spread
pollen from plant to plant: bees, butterflies,
wasps and beetles.
• DESTROY INSECTS - Attack and destroy
harmful insects: lady beetles, dragon flies,
wasps and ants.
NEMATODES
• Nematodes are tiny worm-like organisms
that live in the soil and attack the roots and
stems of plants.
• Accurate identification requires laboratory
testing.
• Nematodes are carriers of certain diseases.
MAJOR TYPES OF PLANT
DISEASES
• ENVIRONMENTAL
• 1. Nutrient
deficiencies
• 2. Damage to plant
parts
• 3. Chemical injuries
• 4. Pollution injuries
• 5. Weather
• 6. Naturally-occurring
genetic abnormalities
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PARASITIC
1. Fungi
2. Bacteria
3. Viruses
KINDS OF WEEDS
• ANNUALS - Morning glory, cocklebur,
pigweed, crabgrass, chickweed and henbit
are examples.
• BIENNIALS - Thistle and wild carrot are
two examples.
• PERENNIALS - Dandelion, plantain,
bermudagrass, poison ivy and johnsongrass
are examples.
PROBLEMS THAT WEEDS
CAUSE
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Keep plants from growing
Waste nutrients
Lower quality of crop
Make harvesting harder
Hiding place for insects and disease
Look bad
RODENTS
EXAMPLES OF DAMAGE
• Deer that eat soybean plants growing in a
field.
• Raccoon that climb corn stalks and get
roasting ears.
• Rabbits that bit off the tender leaves of new
bean plants.
• Birds that eat grain from sorghum
• Rats that eat fruit growing near the ground
CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR A
PEST TO CAUSE PROBLEMS
• A PEST MUST EXIST
• A SUSCEPTIBLE PLANT
• THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT
WAYS THAT PESTS DAMAGE
PLANTS
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Pests chew holes in plants
Pests attack the vascular system
Pests attack the fruit
Pests contaminate products
Pests rob plants of food
Pests damage land
HOW DAMAGE AFFECTS
THE PRODUCER
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Reduced yields
Lower quality
Increased production costs
Hiding place for pests
Restrict Marketing
WAYS TO PREVENT PEST
PROBLEMS
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Use good seed
Destroy diseased plants
Use the right fertilizer
Disinfect equipment
Use good water
Control animal movement
Use chemicals properly
Use tests to check for pests
MECHANICAL METHODS OF
PEST CONTROL
• PLOWING
• MOWING
• MULCHING
CULTURAL PRACTICES
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ROTATE CROPS
ROGUING
TRAP CROPPING
BURNING
USE RESISTANT VARIETIES
CLEAN AROUND FIELDS
PESTICIDES
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Chemicals used to control pest.
Insecticides - controls insects
Nematocides - controls nematodes
Fungicides - controls fungi
Bactericides - used to control bacteria
Herbicides - used to control weeds
TYPES OF INSECTICIDES
• STOMACH POISONS - Eaten by the
insect
• CONTACT POISONS - Absorbed through
the insect’s skin.
• SYSTEMIC POISONS - Poison is
absorbed by the plant and when insects bites
or sucks its juice, it gets poison.
• FUMIGANTS - Enters the insect’s body
through the respiratory system.
TYPES OF HERBICIDES
• SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Will only
kill certain kinds of plants.
• NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Used
to kill all vegetation where they are applied.
• TRANSLOCATED HERBICIDES Absorbed into the plant and moved all
through its parts; upset the growth process
of weeds.
NON-CHEMICAL MEANS OF
CONTROLLING PESTS
• BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL - Using
living organisms to control pests.
• GENETIC METHODS - Develop crops
that are resistant to pests
IPM
• Integrated pest management is a planned
process for controlling pests.
• Involves using a blend of pest control
techniques in a planned program.
• Field of crops is managed as an ecosystem.
• IPM has fewer adverse effects on the
environment.
SAFETY PRACTICES IN
PEST CONTROL
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Use only approved pesticides
Know the pesticide
Use the pesticide with low toxicity
Use pesticides only when needed
Do not contaminate resources
Wear protective clothing
SAFETY PRACTICES IN PEST
CONTROL
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Wash the skin after contact
Dispose of empty containers properly
Apply in good weather
Use the right equipment
Know the emergency measures