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Download For growth to occur, photosynthesis must be greater than respiration
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Climate Climate is the year round weather in an area • Climactic variables – First and last frost dates – Average winter and summer temperatures – Precipitation and when it occurs – Snow depth – Wind and storm patterns – Lake effect – Hours of sun vs. cloud cover Macroclimate • describes the climate over a large area such as the north central US – Largely determined by latitude • Temperature – Department of Agriculture Zone Map • Growing zones described by winter temps and growing season • Heat Zone Map Hardiness Zones Zone changes in 16 years • Excessively high temps can cause the plant to stop growing. This varies between species but generally occurs by 96F. • 539cal/gm to turn water to water vapor. Leaves have evaporative cooling (evapotranspiration) • In Duluth, we have Lake Superior! Microclimate • describes the climate in your yard or garden • Slope • Buildings HOW TO PREVENT COLD DAMAGE • Hardening off: (spring) get greenhouse grown plants used to the outdoor temps gradually. • 80Cal/gm are given up to change 1 gm water to ice , so you can use water as frost protection • covering • Season extenders (fall), plant covers , mulches, leaves, leaf bags, straw etc • Put plants in the ground at the right time ( soil temp) cool season vs. warm season plants Five environmental factors essential for plant growth • • • • • Light temperature Water Air nutrients Light quantity • Quantity – refers to the intensity or concentration of sunlight – Measured in foot candle, lux, lumen, watts – “full sun” 8 hours of unshaded sunlight during the growing season Light Quality • Wavelength that hits the plant surface • Red and blue light have the greatest effect on plant growth Light Duration • The amount of time the plant is exposed to light during a day, plants are classified in 3 categories by their flowering response – Short day plants flower when the days are shorter than 12 hours ( long nights)– ( fall asters) – Long day plants flower when the days are more than 12 hours ( short nights) – Day-neutral flower in long day or short ( ever bearing strawberries) Temperature • Horticultural plants can be defined as warm-season or cool-season crops • Temperature interacts with light duration. • For growth to occur, photosynthesis must be greater than respiration Water Plants must have water available for growth to happen Growth can happen growth delayed permanent wilt point Air • Plants use CO2 in photosynthesis • Plants use O2 in cellular respiration • Air movement can increase or decrease transpiration and can shape plants • Air quality is important – plant leaves can be damaged by air polution Nutrients • 16 essential nutrients are supplied through air and soil.