Download Grade 7-Chapter 10

 Does
not involve sex cells
 One organism is producing offspring
 Most plants have this type of reproduction
 Used by plants who do not produce seeds
 Plants can be grown from a leaf, roots or
stem
 the plant parts are placed into water to
grow new roots
 Ex: potatoes, grasses
 Fertilization
needs to occur
 Plants get help from water, wind and insects
 Female reproductive organs produce eggs
 Male reproductive organs produce sperm
 Some species have both organs on the
same plant and can usually reproduce by
itself
 Some plants have sex organs on separate
plants and need to be near one another for
fertilization to occur
 Nonvascular
plants do not produce seeds
 You can grow these plants from spores
 Sporophtye stage produces haploid spores
in spore cases
 These spores can grow into plants, which
produce sex cells
 Sporophtye stage of nonvascular plants is
very short
 Create
flow chart
 Nonvascular
asexually
plants can also reproduce
 Fern
leaves are called fronds
 Have an underground stem called a
rhizome
 Roots that anchor plant and absorb
nutrients and water grow from the rhizome
 Fern sporophytes make their own food
 Spores produced in sori-located on fronds
 Gametophyte plant is called a prothallus,
which also makes its own food
 Can also reproduce asexually
 Rhizomes
grow to form branches
 New fronds and roots develop from each
branch
 The new rhizome can be separated and
grow on its own
 Create flow chart of life cycle
 Pollen
grains have a water-resistant
covering and contains gametophyte parts
 Sperm can be produced by these parts,
which do not need to swim to the female
part of the plant
 They are carried by pollinators, such as
wind, gravity, water or animals
 Transfer of pollen to the female part is
called pollination
 When
the pollen grain reaches the
female part, sperm and a pollen tube are
produced
 The sperm travels through the tube
 Fertilization occurs
 Following
fertilization, the female part
develops into a seed
 Seeds include an embryo, stored food and a
protective seed coating
 The embryo grows into a plant when it is
planted
 Stored food provides energy to the embryo
when it starts to grow
 Seeds develop differently in gymnosperms
and angiosperms
 Cones
are the reproductive structures
 All gymnosperms have different cones
 Ex of gymnosperms: pines, firs, cedars,
cycads and ginkgoes
 Pine tree produces male and female cones
 Gametophyte structures produced in cones
 Scale of a female cone has two ovules where
eggs are produced
 Pollen grains are produced in the male cone
 Male cones release pollen grains in the
spring
 Wings
on the pollen grain help carry it to
the female cone
 Growth of pollen tube and sperm, and
fertilization can take up to 15 months
 Zygote grows into an embryo and a seed
develops
 It can take 2-3 years for seeds to develop
and be released from the female cones
 Each seed grows into a new pine
sporophyte
 The
sporophyte plant produces flowers
 Flowers are reproductive organs
 They contain gametophyte structures that
produce the sperm or egg for sexual
reproduction
4
main parts-petals, sepals, stamen and
pistil
1. Petals
 Are the colorful parts of the flower
2.



Sepals
are usually small, green, leaf-like parts
Some are large and colorful like the flower
Form the outside of the flower bud
3.




4.




Stamen
Male reproductive organ
Made up of an anther and the filament
Pollen grain form inside the anther by
meiosis
Sperm develops in each pollen grain
Pistil
Female reproductive organ
made up of stigma, style, ovary, ovule
Stigma is sticky and is where pollen grains
land
style-sperm travels down
 Ovary-swollen
base of the pistil where
ovules are formed
 Ovules-produce gametophyte structures,
which produce eggs
 Pollinators of Flowers
 Large, bright
flowers-insects and other animals
 An animal picks up pollen as it eats the flower,
nectar or its pollen
 The pollen is then spread to other flowers the
animal visits
 Other
plants depend on wind, rain or
gravity
 After
pollination and fertilization seeds
develop
 Pollination happens when pollen grains
land on the sticky stigma
 Pollen tube grows down through the style
and enters the ovary
 Sperm travels down the tube and fertilizes
the egg
 Zygote forms and grows into an embryo
 Most
seeds grow only when they are placed
on or in soil
 Gravity aids most seed into reaching the
soil
 Wind dispersal helps seed plants too
 Small seeds become airborne when they
are released by the plant
 Some have wing-like structures that allow
the seed to move in the wind currents
 Animals
help disperse seeds
 Some seeds are eaten with fruits and pass
through the animal’s digestive track to reach
the soil
 Animals can also store or bury seeds
 Seeds can also attach to fur, feathers and
clothing, which disperses them
 Water is another way seeds are dispersed
 Rain drops can knock seeds out of the fruit
 Seeds travel great distances by flowing
water
 Is
the growth of a plant from a seed
 Some seeds take a few days to grow and
others take weeks or months
 Seeds can not germinate without the right
environmental conditions
 Begins when seed tissue absorbs water
causing the seed coat to break open
 Energy is released from the stored food to
help it grow