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Chapter 21-24 WHAT ARE PLANTS & HOW ARE THEY CLASSIFIED Section Objectives: • List the characteristics of plants. • Identify some of the plant kingdom divisions. • Compare and contrast characteristics of the different groups of plants. BOTANY The study of plants Plant Characteristics • Multicellular eukaryotes • Autotrophic: produce their own food (glucose) through the process of photosynthesis and store food in the form of starch. • Plant cells have thick cell walls made of cellulose. • The stems and leaves of plants have a waxy waterproof coating called a cuticle. • Contain chloroplast that contain pigment chlorophyll Plant Characteristics Cont. There are three main organs in a plant 1. Roots: Functions; A. absorb water and nutrients from soil B. anchor plants into the ground C. hold plant upright and prevent being knocked over by wind or rain Organs in a Plant Cont. 2. Stems: Functions; A. holds leaves up to the sun; all plants compete for sun 3. Leaves: Functions; A. They are broad to capture more sunlight B. They have a waxy coat (cuticle) to hold in H2O C. They have pores to allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit Other Parts and Processes of Seed Plants: 4. Pollen Grain – male gamete of seed plants is contained in this structure 5. Pollination – the carrying of pollen from male to female by wind, insects, birds and small animals Other Parts and Processes of Seed Plants Cont: 6. Seeds: structures that protect the zygotes of plants 7. Embryo – tiny plant after fertilization 8. Seed Coat: protects the seed from drying out, this allows survival in a variety of climates Plant Kingdom Breakdown Nonvascular (mosses & liverworts) • Plant Seedless Spore Bearing (ferns) Vascular Plant Conifers (gymnosperm) Seed Bearing Flowering (angiosperms) Monocot Dicot Phylogeny of Plants • 1st division: do they have vascular tissue: vascular or nonvascular. • 2nd division: does it produces seeds: nonseed plants and seed plants. • 3rd division: is seed bearing plants a cone bearing or flower bearing: gymnosperms or angiosperms. • 4th division: angiosperms are divided: monocots and dicots. What is a nonvascular plant? • No vascular tissue • Limited to moist habitats by streams and rivers or in temperate and tropical rain forests. • Small in size and shape • Mosses Phylum Bryophyta: nonvascular plants • Bryophytes, the mosses, are nonvascular plants that rely on osmosis and diffusion to transport materials. • Moss plants are usually low to the ground and have leaflike structures • Simplest form of plants • Found in moist areas that are shaded • Reproduce by spores Difference between vascular & nonvascular plants •Vascular plants can live farther away from water than nonvascular plants. •Vascular plants can grow much larger than nonvascular plants. Vascular Plants •Contain vascular tissue which is xylem and phloem in the stem of the plants •Xylem transports water and dissolved substances from the roots to other parts of plant •Phloem transports dissolved sugar from leaves (photosynthesis) to the rest of plant Phylum Tracheophytes • All vascular plants (have xylem and phloem) • Can live in drier climates than nonvascular • Uses roots to absorb food and minerals and uses vascular tissue to transport it SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS • Ferns are the most well-known and diverse group of non-seed vascular plants. • They have leaves called fronds. • Reproduce by spores on their leaves. • Need water to reproduce so they are found in moist areas. SEED BEARING VASCULAR PLANTS • Seed plants produce seeds • A seed consists of an embryonic plant and a food supply covered by a hard protective seed coat. • All seed plants have vascular tissues. • These tend to adapt well to their environment 2 Divisions of Seed Bearing 1. Gymnosperms/Conifers 2. Angiosperms/Flowering Plants Gymnosperms • Gymnosperms seeds sits on the scales • Scales – special leaves that contain male and female reproductive structures • Cones – scales that are grouped into larger structures, there are male and female cones Cones Cont. • A. Male cones produce gametophytes called pollen (starts out closed and when opened it releases pollen) • Female cones produce gametophytes called eggs (starts out closed and when opened it releases seeds, much bigger than male cones) • Female cone holds the seeds that develop 3 Classes Gymnosperms • 1. Cyads • 2. Ginkgoes • 3. Conifers Cycads • Palmlike plants present with the dinosaurs in the Triassic Period • They grow naturally in Mexico, West Indes, Florida, Parts of Asia, Africa, and Australia Ginkgoes • Were alive during the dinosaur period. • There is only 1 living species (Ginko biloba) • The oldest living seed plant Conifers • Commonly called evergreens, the most abundant gymnosperm on Earth • Examples: pines, spruce, fir, cedar, sequoias, and redwoods • Leaves are long and thin and are called needles Conifers/Gymnosperms • Cone-bearing trees such as pine, fir, cypress, and redwood. • Cones are scaly structures that support male or female reproductive structures. • Their leaves that are needlelike or scaly. Reproduction in the Conifers • The reproductive structures of most conifers are produced in cones. • Most have male and female cones on different branches of the same tree. • The male cones produce pollen, female cones are much larger and stay on the tree until the seeds have matured. Evergreen vs. Deciduous trees • Most conifers are evergreen —plants that retain some of their leaves for more than one year. • Deciduous plants drop all their leaves each fall or when water is scarce or unavailable. It reduces water loss. A tree with no leaves cannot photosynthesize & must remain dormant during this time. Angiosperms • Commonly called the flowering plants, are the largest, most diverse group of seed plants living on Earth. • They produce flowers from which fruits develop. • A fruit usually contains one or more seeds. Ex: apples, oranges, beans, peas, pumpkins, tomatoes, eggplants • 2 classes: monocotyledons (monocots) & dicotyledons (dicots) Monocots • Examples: corn, wheat, lilies, daffodils, orchids; monocots have only 1 seed leaf Dicots • Examples: roses, clover, oaks, tomatoe, daisies; dicots have 2 seed leaves Monocot and Dicot Characteristics • Monocot: 1. Veins are parallel 2. Flowers, petals and parts in 3’s or multiples of 3 (3,6,9,12) • Dicots 1. Veins form branching network 2. Flowers, petals, and parts occur in 4’s or 5’s or multiples (4,8,12 or 5,10,15) Adaptations in Angiosperms • Angiosperms have roots, stems, and leaves. • They produce flowers and form seeds enclosed in a fruit. • A fruit develops from a flower’s female reproductive structure(s). MONOCOTS • One cotyledon (seed leaf) • Parallel venation in the leaves • Fibrous root system • Flower parts in multiples of 3 • Vascular tissue is arranged in a scattered bundle • • • • DICOTS Two cotyledons (seed leaf) Net venation in the leaves Taproot root system Flower parts in multiples of either 4 or 5 • Vascular tissue is arranged in a circular ring Other Info. • Vector Pollination – pollination by animals • The bitter taste of unripe fruit is to protect fruit from being eaten by animals until ripe when seeds can be spread • Green fruit is a protective mechanism to hide fruit until its ripe Moncots and dicots Distinguishing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots Seed Leaves Monocots Dicots Leaves Vascular Bundles Flower Parts in Stems One cotyledon Usually parallel Scattered Multiples of three Two cotyledons Usually netlike Arranged in ring Multiples of four and five Section Objectives: • Describe the alternation of generations in land plants. • Describe sexual reproduction in angiosperms Alternation of Generations • An alternation of generations consists of a sporophyte stage and a gametophyte stage. • Sporophyte stage is the 2n stage and it is asexual reproduction through mitosis • Gametophyte stage is n stage and is sexual division through meiosis. What is a flower? • The process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants takes place in a flower, which is a complex structure made up of several organs. FEMALE Structure of the Flower • Pistil: the female organ of the flower – Ovary: at bottom of the pistil which produced the ovule – Stigma: located at the top of the pistil & is where pollen grains attach to (sticky stigma) – Style: long tube of the pistil & is where pollen grains travel down until they reach the ovule – Ovule: develops into a seed; within the ovary MALE Structure of the Flower • Stamen: the male structure of the flower (contains word men) – Anther: located at top of the stamen & produced pollen – Filament: thin, stem like portion a stamen Pollination • Process of transferring ripe, pollen from anther to stigma • Self pollination: pollen on 1 plant is transferred to the stigma on the same flower • Cross pollination: pollen on 1 flower is transferred to the stigma of another flower Structures of Flowering Plants • Roots: Anchor plants, absorb water & minerals and store food • Stems: Support for leaves, reproductive parts, & transportation part of plant • Leaves: The factories for the plants; Take energy from sun and make sugar • Vascular Tissue: transportation system of the plant Types of Stems • Herbaceous plants: flexible stems and includes most of the annuals • Woody plants: stems rigid & hard and includes most of plants that live from season to season TRANSPIRATION –Process where plants lose water through their leaves Non Vascular Plants Example Seedless Gymnosperms Angiosperm Vascular vascular vascular plant Plants plants Mosses Ferns Pine Tree Fruit tree Vascular Tissue No Yes Yes Yes True roots, stems, & leaves No Yes Yes Yes Flowers No No No Yes Seeds Seeds Reproduce Seeds Spores Spores no no Yes, in cones Yes, in flowers