Download Seed Plants - mrs

Seed Plants
Table of Contents
The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Plant Responses and Growth
Feeding the World
Seed Plants
SEEDS
1. A seed will grow into a new plant if the conditions are
favorable.
2. The method of seed dispersal promotes a better chance
of survival.
3. Germination occurs when the embryo begins to grow and
pushes out of the seed.
4. The embryo uses the stored food in the cotyledons (or
seed leaves) to help it grow until the true leaves can go
through photosynthesis.
5. In order for germination to occur the seed must absorb
water from its surroundings.
Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants
How Seeds Become New Plants
A seed has three main parts–an embryo, stored food, and a
seed coat. If a seed lands in an area where conditions are
favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to
grow.
Seed Plants
Seed Dispersal
1. Wind
2. Water
3. Eaten by an animal
4. Carried by an animal
5. Mechanically propelled or projected
Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Root Structure
A root’s structure is adapted
for absorbing water and
minerals from the soil.
Seed Plants
Roots
Taproot
Fibrous Root
Functions of a Root:
1. Anchor the plant in the ground
2. Absorb water and minerals from the soil
3. Sometimes store food
Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Stems
Trees have woody stems. A typical woody stem is made up
of many layers. The layers of xylem form annual rings that
can reveal the age of the tree and the growing conditions it
has experienced.
Seed Plants
Stems
Function of a Stem:
1. Carries substances between the roots and leaves.
2. Provides support for the plant
3. Holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun.
Herbaceaous Stem
--no wood, soft stems
Ex: dandelions, tomato plants
Woody Stem
-- rigid stems
Ex: maple trees, roses
Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Leaves capture and use
the sun’s energy to make
food through
photosynthesis.
Leaves
Seed Plants
Leaves
Photosynthesis:
The upper leaf cells have more chloroplasts so they can
trap more of the sun’s energy.
Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorb the sunlight.
Transpiration:
Water evaporating from a plant’s leaves.
Stomata open and close to control water loss.
Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Outlining
As you read, make an outline
about seed plants that you
can use for review. Use the
red headings for the main
ideas and the blue headings
for the supporting ideas.
The Characteristics of Seed Plants
I. What Is a Seed Plant?
A. Vascular Tissue
B. Seeds
II. How Seeds Become New Plants
A. Seed Structure
B. Seed Dispersal
C. Germination
III. Roots
A. Types of Roots
B. The Structure of a Root
IV. Stems
A. The Structure of a Stem
B. Annual Rings
V. Leaves
A. The Structure of a Leaf
B. The Leaf and Photosynthesis
C. Controlling Water Loss
Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants
More on Leaves
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about leaves.
Seed Plants
End of Section:
The
Characteristics of
Seed Plants
Seed Plants
Characteristics of Gymnosperms:
1. Naked Seeds
2. Needle or scalelike leaves
3. Deep Root systems
4 Types of Gymnosperms:
1. Conifers
2. Cycads
3. Ginkgoes
4. Gnetophytes
Seed Plants
Male and Female Pine Cones
Seed Plants - Gymnosperms
Reproduction in Gymnosperms
Pollen falls from a male
cone onto a female cone.
The sperm cell and an egg
cell join together in an
ovule on the female cone.
The seed develops on the
scale of the female cone.
Seed Plants - Gymnosperms
Previewing Visuals
Preview the diagram showing the life cycle of a gymnosperm.
Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in
a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer
your questions.
The Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm
Q. How does gymnosperm pollination occur?
A. Pollen is transferred from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive
structure; wind often carries pollen from male to female cones.
Q. How does gymnosperm fertilization occur?
A. Pollen collects in a sticky substance produced by ovules. Female scales close to
seal in pollen and fertilization occurs.
Seed Plants - Gymnosperms
Links on Gymnosperms
Click the SciLinks button for links on gymnosperms.
Seed Plants
End of Section:
Gymnosperms
Seed Plants
Characteristics of
Angiosperms
1. Produce flowers
2. Produce seeds enclosed in a fruit.
2 Main Groups of Angiosperms:
1. Monocots:
2. Dicots:
Seed Plants - Angiosperms
Reproduction in Angiosperms
Pollen falls on a flower’s
stigma. The sperm cell
and egg cell join together
in the flower’s ovule. The
zygote develops into the
embryo part of the seed.
Seed Plants - Angiosperms
Types of Angiosperms
Angiosperms are divided into two major groups: monocots
and dicots.
Seed Plants - Angiosperms
The Structure of Flowers
Flowers come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and colors. But,
despite their differences, all flowers have the same function–
reproduction.
Seed Plants - Angiosperms
The Structure of a Flower Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about the structure of a flower.
Seed Plants - Angiosperms
Multiples
Is a flower with 6 petals a monocot? To answer this question
you need to determine if 6 is a multiple of 3. A number is a
multiple of 3 if there is a nonzero whole number that, when
multiplied by 3, gives you that number. In this case, 6 is a
multiple of 3 because you can multiply 2 (a nonzero whole
number) by 3 to get 6.
2X3=6
Therefore, a flower with 6 petals is a monocot. Other
multiples of 3 include 9 and 12.
Seed Plants - Angiosperms
Multiples
Practice Problem
Which of these numbers are multiples of 4?
6, 10, 12, 16
12 and 16
Seed Plants - Angiosperms
Building Vocabulary
Using a word in a sentence helps you think about how best
to explain the word. After you read the section, reread the
paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the
information you have learned to write a meaningful sentence
using each Key Term.
Key Terms:
monocot
angiosperm
stamen
pistil
dicot
flower
ovary
sepal
fruit
petal
Examples:
Monocots
areare
angiosperms
that
have plants
only
one
seedas
Refflesia
belongs
to
group
of seed
known
The stamens
thethe
male
reproductive
parts.
leaf.
angiosperms.
The female parts, or pistils, are found in the center of
most
flowers.
Dicots
produce
seeds with two
seed leaves.
A flower
is the reproductive
structure
of an
This
hollow structure is the ovary, which protects the
angiosperm.
seeds as they develop.
When a flower is still a bud, it is enclosed by leaflike
As the seed develops after fertilization, the ovary
structures called sepals.
changes into a fruit—a ripened ovary and other
structures
that enclose
one they
or more
seeds.
When the sepals
fold back,
reveal
the flower’s
colorful, leaflike petals.
Seed Plants
End of Section:
Angiosperms
Seed Plants
Plant Growth and Responses
There are 3 stimuli that produce plant responses.
The response is called a tropism.
1. Touch---thigmotropism
2. Light---phototropism
3. Gravity---gravitropism
Hormones: produced by a plant in response to a stimulus
Auxin: controls cell growth
Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth
Seasonal Changes
Photoperiodism: The amount of daylight a plant receives
determines the time of flowering in many plants.
Winter dormancy: Period when the growth slows or stops
in order to survive freezing temperature and lack of water.
Seed Plants
Life span of different angiosperms.
Annuals: complete a life cycle in
one growing season.
Biennials: Complete a life cycle in
2 growing seasons.
Perennials: Live for more than 2 years,
flower every year, many have woody stems.
Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth
Germination and Temperature
One hundred radish seeds were
planted in each of two identical
trays of soil. One tray was kept
at 10ºC, and one tray was kept
at 20ºC. The trays received
equal amounts of water and
sunlight. The graph shows how
many seeds germinated over
time at each temperature.
Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth
Germination and Temperature
Reading Graphs:
What variable is plotted
on the horizontal axis?
What variable is plotted
on the vertical axis?
Horizontal axis–days;
vertical axis–total number of
germinated seeds
Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth
Germination and Temperature
Interpreting Data:
How did the number of
seeds that germinated
change between day 20
and day 25 at 10ºC? At
20ºC?
The numbers did not
change.
Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth
Germination and Temperature
Drawing Conclusions:
According to the graph, at
which temperature did more
seeds eventually germinate?
What can you conclude
about the relationship
between temperature and
germination?
20ºC; the number of
germinating seeds increases
as the temperature
increases.
Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth
Germination and Temperature
Predicting:
Predict what the graph
would look like for a tray
of radish seeds kept at
5ºC. Give a reason for
your prediction.
The slope would be less
steep because fewer seeds
would germinate.
Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth
Relating Cause and Effect
A cause makes something happen. An effect is what happens. As
you read through the paragraphs under the heading “Hormones and
Tropisms," identify four effects of plant hormones. Write the
information in a graphic organizer like the one below.
Effects
Tropisms
Cause
Plant hormones
Germination
Forming flowers, stems,
leaves
Shedding leaves
Development and
ripening of fruit
Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth
Links on Plant Responses
Click the SciLinks button for links on plant responses.
Seed Plants
End of Section:
Plant Responses and
Growth
Seed Plants - Feeding the World
Identifying Main Ideas
As you read, write the main idea in a graphic organizer like
the one below. Then write three supporting details that give
examples of the main idea.
Main Idea
Technologies that may help produce more food include…
Detail
Precision farming–
uses satellite images
and computer to
determine the amount
of water and fertilizer
needed.
Detail
Detail
Hydroponics–
plants are grown in
solutions of nutrients
instead of soil.
Genetic engineering–
genetic material is
altered to produce
plants with useful
qualities.
Seed Plants - Feeding the World
Links on Plants as Food
Click the SciLinks button for links on plants as food.
Seed Plants
End of Section:
Feeding the World
Seed Plants
Graphic Organizer
Seed plants
have
Stems
Leaves
are needed for
capture
Transport
Support
Sunlight
used in
Photosynthesis
Roots
provide
Anchorage
absorb
Water and
minerals
Seed Plants
End of Section:
Graphic Organizer