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Unicellular Organisms Viruses Most abundant organism in ocean! Infect bacteria, algae, plants & animals NON-LIVING (protein & nucleic acid) Requires living HOST to reproduce LYTIC & LYSOGENIC reproduction. PROKARYOTES (Bacteria) Unicellular Cell wall, no nucleus No Organelles Domain ARCHAEA Kingdom Archaebacteria Bacteria that are chemosynthetic Found along thermal vents in ocean depths Domain BACTERIA Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria that are photosynthetic or heterotrophic (primarily decomposers) Example Cyanobacteria – blue/green algae – contains chlorophyll (Photosynthetic) and is a nitrogen fixer (Heterocyst) Found in tide pools and estuaries, and as epiphyte on sea grass Heterocyst http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Eubacteria/Anabaena.jpg Primary producers Create high-energy organic material (sugars) from inorganic CO2, H2O and other nutrients, using solar energy or energy from inorganic chemical reactions. Factors limiting primary production: Light – photic zone is site of primary production Photosynthetic pigments and accessory pigments Inorganic nutrients – CO2, H2O and trace elements (like nitrogen & phosphorus) DOMAIN EUKARYOTA Eukaryotic Marine Organisms (have nucleus and organelles) Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Chrysophyta (Silicoflagellates) single celled, eukaryote 1 photosynthetic pigment = chlorophyll a Skeleton of SiO2 (silica=GLASS) Flagellates (some) Cold Temp water http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/Algae/Chrysophyta/Images/OUDinobryon.JPG PHYLUM: HAPTOPHYTA (Coccolithophores) Single celled, eukaryotes, photosynthetic & heterotrophic Covered with small calcareous (made of calcium carbonate=limestone) plates called coccoliths Found in warm and temperate seas http://pharyngula.org/images/coccolithophore.jpg PHYLUM: BACILLARIOPHYTA (DIATOMS) Most abundant phytoplankton in oceans Primarily in Cold Waters Non motile and some motile Unicellular Much larger size than first 3 phyla Cell wall = FRUSTULE – pectin & 95% silica (GLASS) Penate Centric Two parts to Frustule – Epitheca (top) Hypotheca (bottom) Has Chloroplasts with chlorophyll and carotenoids Two shell forms *Centric (radially symmetrical) *Pennate (bilaterally symmetrical) *** Raphe – groove on surface of pennate frustule diatom enables movement Reproduction of Diatomes: Asexual cellular division with a slight reduction in size with each division. Auxospore- naked diatom (no frustule) formed during Sexual Reproduction Phylum :Dinoflagellata (dinophytes, zooxanthellae) Unicellular, Eukaryotes Motile Photosynthetic & some Heterotrophs Reproduction= Blooms- cell concentrations that color the water Toxic = RED TIDES found along East Atlantic & Gulf Coasts, produce toxins that paralyze, irritate lungs, toxic to fish Example: Pfiesteria http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/801/909372.JPG Dinoflagellates cont…. BIOLUMINESCENT- produce Luciferin that enables organisms to Glow Some Symbiotic- Zooxanthellaeround, golden brown photosynthetic organism that lives symbiotically within some marine organisms Example: Corals Bioluminescent Red Tide Protozoans- “Animal-like” ProtistsKingdom Protista Phylum: Foraminifera (Forams) Covering of CaCO3 called a “TEST” Pseudopodia used for feeding & movement Test form OOZE – “Calcareous OOZE” Ex. White Cliffs of Dover, England Egyptian Pyramid Blocks Foraminifera Phylum: Polycystina (Radiolarians) “Test” of Silica (SiO2) GLASS Spherical shape with radial spines Pseudopodia used for feeding only Tests for OOZE- Silaceous OOZE Phylum :Ciliophora (Tintinnids) Ciliated Epiphytes (grow on Plants) “Test” called “Lorica”mucus trapped sand particles Tintinnids http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/MME/images/T_lorica.jpg Special Adaptations of Plankton: Size- microscopic, therefore, constantly bathed in nutrients, making diffusion simple Sinking- more dense than water, but have complex shapes that slow sinking (increased surface area to volume ratio). Some have gas or oil inside Test to increase buoyancy. Protection- spines, horns, slime, toxins, cyst formation Kingdom - Fungi Multicellular, Eukaryotes 500+ Species marine fungi Function: Decomposer Cause Disease in Algae & Animals Lichen- Symbiotic Realtionship of Fungus + photosynthetic Algae on Rocks in “Splash Zone” of Intertidal Marine LICHEN STOP! Marine Algae & Plants: Benthic Macroscopic & Multicellular Photosynthetic Algae sometimes classified as Protista (more often Plantae) Marine Algae Kingdom- Protista Phylum (Division) Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Each Division is Characterized by its photosynthetic pigments Structures of Seaweeds: Lack TRUE Roots, Stems & Leaves Mature Algae have: Blade- flat, broad, leaf-like structure Contains photosynthetic cells Site of Sexual Reproduction NO veins, NO definite upper/lower surface Spongy layer in between surfaces-CO2 exchange occurs here Pneumatocysts- gas-filled floats attached to Blade…gives buoyancy Stipe- flexible, stem-like, “shockabsorber” between wave-tossed Blade & the Holdfast. Cells transport products of photosynthesis from the Blades to other parts of the Seaweed by simple Diffusion. Thallus- entire blade/stipe of plant where the 2 structures are Holdfast- superficially resembles the root system of terrestrial plants. Functions as an ANCHOR , seldom absorbs nutrients Haptera- short, root-like, fingerlike holdfasts. Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae) Most similar to terrestrial plants Chloroplasts very large Photosynthetic Pigments Chlorophyll A & B Habitat – 90% fresh, 10% marine Cell Wall - Cellulose Food Storage - Starch Example of Chlorophyta: Ulva, Oedogonium, Spirogyra Economic/Ecologic Importance: Primary Producers Epiphytes- harmful to shellfish BLOOMs- deplete O2 levels Spores cause allergies Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae & coralline algae) DEEP water algae- pigments absorb at deeper depths (200m) Photosynthetic Pigments- Chlorophyll A & D, and Phycobilins Habitat- Marine Tropical & Subtropical Cell wall – AGAR, Carageenan & Calcium carbonate Food Storage - Starch Ex. Corallina, Polysiphonia Economic/Ecologic Importance of Red Algae: Use in fertilizers AGAR & Carageenan- used as binders & thickeners in food & medicine AGAR- used as growth medium in Micobiology, and as Capsules for pharmaceuticals Food- Sushi Wrap Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae) LARGEST size algae (structurally complex) – KELP Photosynthetic pigments- Chlorophyll A & C, Fucoxanthin, Xanthophyll & Carotene Habitat- exclusively MARINE, found in Cool (Temperate) waters Cell Wall- alginic acid & cellulose Food Storage- Laminarin, Fat & Oil Algae Reproduction: Asexual- vegetative re-growth (fragmentation or budding) Sexual – gametes (haploid egg & sperm) formed during meiosis. Fertilization occurs in the water, and a zygote (diploid) is formed. Sexual reproduction involves “Alternation of Generations” Alternation of Generations: Sporophyte (diploid) generationUndergoes Meiosis in BLADE and forms haploid gametes (spores) Spores germinate & grow into large Gametophytes…. Gametophyte (haploid) generationproduces gametes (haploid) by Mitosis, which unite (fertilization) to form a Sporophyte (diploid) Marine Plants Kingdom- Plantae Division (Phylum) Anthophyta Charateristics: TRUE Leaves, Stems, Roots & Flowers. Have Veins to carry H2O and nutrients Examples: Sea Grasses, Salt Marsh Plants & Mangroves Sea Grasses Submergent communities Primarily Tropical & Subtropical Found near surface up to 10 m depth Halophytes Structures include stems, leaves, roots, flowers and Rhizomes Reproduction- Sexual (pollination) & Asexual (fragmentation) Economic/Ecological Importance: Food source for marine animals & birds Rhizomes hold nutrients & organic debris in place- enabling growth to continue Thalassia Zostera Phyllospadix Turtle grass Eel grass Surf grass Salt Marsh Plants Emergent plants Halophyte- has salt glands in leaf that excretes excess salt Cool and Temperate Climate Example: Spartina Cord Grass Mangroves Shrubby, tree-like plants creating thickets of Tidal Woodlands called Mangals Tropical & Subtropical Plants supported by Prop Roots Reproduction- Seeds germinate on branches, fall, & are carried by water. Also, asexual fragmentation Factors affecting geographic distribution: water & air temp, tidal amplitude, quantity & quality of sunlight