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5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
Flower: leaf-like whorls fulfill different functions. Collectively, the ancestral adaptive
value was to attract animal pollinators.
http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/biology.html
Pollinators forage nonrandomly, and they can
learn. So, by bribing
pollinators with nectar,
and advertising the
location with large colorful
petals, pollinators learn to
visit flowers for food – and
they “trapline”, going from
flower to flower.
Pollen transport is much
more efficient than wind
dispersal; less pollen is
needed (but there are
additional costs of flower
ad nectar production.
Flowers can evolve to limit
pollination to a particular type (or
even species) of pollinator.
Flies are attracted to flowers that
smell like carrion.
Hummingbirds are attracted to red
tubular flowers, where the nectar is too
deep for most insects to reach
This increases the chance that the
NEXT flower the pollinator visits will be
a member of the same plant species.
Flowers can evolve to limit
pollination to a particular type (or
even species) of pollinator.
Butterfly flowers offer a place to stand and
probe many flowers from one place
Many bat flowers are large, to receive the
head of the bat. White is common for these
flowers that open at night.
Flowers can evolve to limit
pollination to a particular type (or
even species) of pollinator.
Orchids are one of the most derived
groups of plants, and they show the
most specialized flowers
In some flowering plants, the flowers have become very reduced – they no longer
attract pollinators – the plants have returned to a wind-pollinated lifestyle.
Oak flowers
Ragweed flowers
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
Fruit: modification to ovary tissue (typically) to attract animals to consume fruit and
disperse seeds.
http://sharon-taxonomy2010-p2.wikispaces.com/Angiosperms
http://technabob.com/blog/2008/03/07/edibleapple-logo-reminds-me-of-the-fruit-salad-days/
Plants with dry, wind dispersed seeds are more common in fields, or in canopy
trees. Fleshy fruits dispersed by animals are more common in forest understory
and forest edges, where animals are more common.
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
- life cycle
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/herman_jaci/Reproduction.htm
Double Fertilization
http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/fertilisation-in-plants
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
- life cycle
- evolutionary history
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
- life cycle
- diversity (90% of plant species)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/colbugspotter/3373136155/
http://www.hiltonpond.org/ThisWeek040622.html
http://www.humanflowerproject.com/i
ndex.php/weblog/2006/01/P8/
http://thebathduck.wordpress.com/category/garde
n/
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
- life cycle
- diversity
(90% of plant species)
Amborella – the most primitive flowering plant, of
New Caledonia
Nymphaea – water lilies
Magnoliids - ~9000 sp of
Magnolias, Laurels,
Black Pepper, Nutmeg…
Monocots – ~60,000 species of grasses, grains,
palms, bamboos, lilies, irises, orchids, tulips, etc.
Eudicots – over 200,000 species! From vegetables
to roses, trees (that aren’t gymnosperms, palms or
Magnolias), asters, etc.
5. Tracheophytes
6. Summary
Algae – aquatic
non-tracheophytes: cuticle
Lycopodiophytes: vascular tissue and dominance of the sporophyte (tall)
Monilophytes: true leaves
Gymnosperms: Seeds and pollen
Angiosperms: Flowers and fruit