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Download 1 -Plant Diversity & Life Cycles I
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Plant Diversity and Life Cycles Plant Kingdom Characteristics 1)Multicellular 2)Eukaryotic 3)Cell Walls 4)Autotrophic Question: What adaptations were needed for plants to live on land? 1)Absorb nutrients from surroundings 2)Prevent water loss 3)Dispersal (of offspring) on land Charyophyte (Green Algae) Homology to modern plants: 1. Chlorophyll B & Beta Carotenes 2. Chloroplasts have grana 3. Biochemical – Cell Wall Similarities 4. Mitotic Processes 5. Sperm Structure 6. DNA Cuticle All plants undergo a life cycle that takes them through both haploid and diploid generations. The multicellular diploid plant structure is called the sporophyte, which produces spores through meiotic (asexual) division. The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants is called the alternation of generations. Plant Life Cycle: Alternation of Generations Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem, which function in the transport of water and dissolved substances. Vascular Tissue Xylem - Conduct water and dissolved minerals • Support Phloem - Conduct food and other organic substances Vascular Versus Nonvascular Plants Transport system Can grow tall Cannot survive without water Need light photo synth esize No transport system Grow close to the ground Can go dormant during drought Take a deep breath in and then let it out. Breathing to you is a very natural function that you usually do without even thinking about it. When you breathe, you are taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Plants 'breathe' too, but they do it through tiny openings in leaves called stomata (singular: stoma). Stomata open and close to allow the intake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen. Bryophytes 3 Groups of Bryophytes 1)Moss 2) Liverworts 3) Hornworts Pteridophytes Pteridophytes Pteridophytes are a phylum of plants. They are the vascular plants (those having xylem and phloem tissues) that reproduce by releasing spores rather than seeds, and they include the highly diverse true ferns and other graceful, primarily forest-dwelling plants. There are about eleven thousand different species of pteridophytes, making them the most diverse land plants after the flowering plants (angiosperms). 3 Groups of Pteridophytes 1) Ferns 2) Horsetails 3) Club moss Gymnosperm Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, yews and conifers, in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. The word "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek word “gymnospermos”, meaning "naked seeds". Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale or leaf-like appendages of cones, or at the end of short stalks. 4 Groups of Gymnosperm 1) Ginkgo 2) Gnetophytes 3) Cycads 4) Conifers Angiosperm Angiosperm Angiosperm, any member of the more than 300,000 species of flowering plants (division Anthophyta), the largest and most diverse group within the kingdom Plantae. Angiosperms represent approximately 80 percent of all the known green plants now living. The angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary itself is usually enclosed in a flower, that part of the angiospermous plant that contains the male or female reproductive organs or both. 2 Categories of Angiosperm 1) Monocot 2) Dicot A comparison of monocots and dicots The embryo of a monocot Has a single cotyledon (one embryonic seed leaf ) Pericarp fused with seed coat Scutellum (cotyledon) Coleoptile Endosperm Epicotyl Hypocotyl Coleorhiza (c) Maize, a monocot. Like all monocots, maize has only one cotyledon. Maize and other grasses have a large cotyledon called a scutellum. The rudimentary shoot is sheathed in a structure called the coleoptile, and the coleorhiza covers the young root. Figure 38.8c Radicle The embryo of a dicot Has two cotyledon (two embryonic seed leaves ) Seed coat Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Cotyledons (a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons. The fleshy cotyledons store food absorbed from the endosperm before the seed germinates. Figure 38.8a The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms Flowers are made up of four types of modified leaves sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. a. Stamens are the male reproductive organs b. Carpels are female reproductive organs The structure of a flower. A fruit is a mature ovary Protect dormant seeds. Fruit aids in seed dispersal. - Wind dispersal - Attachment and transportation - Consumption – berries contain seeds to be passed in feces Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal Fruits are classified into several types Depending on their developmental origin Carpels Flower Ovary Stigma Stamen Stamen Ovule Raspberry flower Pea flower Carpel (fruitlet) Seed Stigma Ovary Stamen Pea fruit (a) Simple fruit. A simple fruit develops from a single carpel (or several fused carpels) of one flower (examples: pea, lemon, peanut). Raspberry fruit (b) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit develops from many separate carpels of one flower (examples: raspberry, blackberry, strawberry). Figure 38.9a–c Pineapple inflorescence Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower Pineapple fruit (c) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit develops from many carpels of many flowers (examples: pineapple, fig). Angiosperms dominated the earth at the end of the Mesozoic era The spread of angiosperms represents the transition from Mesozoic to Cenozoic Angiosperms and animals have affected one another’s evolution Coevolution is the mutual influence on the evolution of two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other’s adaptations. e.g., Pollinator-plant relationships Plants and Human Welfare Agriculture is almost totally dependent on angiosperms. Plant diversity is a non-renewable resource. Many medicines are obtained from plant materials. Deforestation is an international practice Deforestation in the United States Fragmentation of a forest ecosystem A sampling of medicines derived from plants