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Ephedra sp.
Mormon pioneers in the American Southwest used the dried stems of this plant to make tea.
Also known as longleaf ephedra, desert jointfir, desert ephedra, popotilla, teposote, canatilla and longleaved joinfir.
Pinus ponderosa
Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson
► Pitch
used to hold the hair in place
(Cheyenne)
► Needles jabbed into the scalp for dandruff
► (Flathead)
► Inner bark used for food (Blackfoot)
► Roots used to make a blue dye (Cheyenne)
► Pitch used as glue (Crow)
Rhus trilobata Nutt.
Rhus trilobata Nutt.
► Dried
fruit ground and dusted onto smallpox
pustules (Blackfoot)
► Leaves used for head colds, decoction of
leaves used as a diuretic, fruit chewed for
toothaches (Cheyenne)
► Berries used for food and juice and mouth
cleanser
► Plant used in salve form for poison ivy
dermatitis.
Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.
Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.
Rocky Mountain Juniper
► Infusion
of berries taken for vomiting
(Blackfoot)
► Fleshy cones chewed for colds (Cheyenne)
► Infusion taken for diarrhea (Crow)
► Fleshy cones chewed for upset stomach
(Crow)
► Wood used to make lance shafts and bows
(Montana Indians)
Monstera deliciosa
Monstera deliciosa
► Family:
Araceae
► Monocot
► Perennial, often huge, herbs; mostly
tropical.
► Aerial stems and the stems erect
► Climbing by means of aerial roots
► Edible fruit
Nuphar sp
Nuphar sp.
Yellow Pondlily
► Dry
porous rhizomes ground fine and
applied to wounds as a styptic (Sioux)
► Parched seeds eaten like popcorn (various
tribes)
► Seedpods well flavored and nutritious
► Thick, fleshy rhizomes used in meat stews
► Decoction of rootstocks added to bath water
to treat rheumatism (Flathead)
Asarum caudatum
Asarum caudatum Lindl.
Wild Ginger
► Used
as analgesic and antirheumatic cures
► Gastrointestinal treatment
► Dried and pounded leaves used as snuff
(Cheyenne)
► Poultice of fresh leaves applied to wounds
(Cheyenne)
► Root used as an appetizer in all cooked
foods
Aquilegia coerulea James
Family: Ranunculaceae
Aquilegia sp
Family: Ranunculaceae
► Infusion
of roots taken for heart trouble
(Cheyenne)
► As candy, flowers sucked for the sweet
nectar (all tribes)
► Seed chewed or infusion of roots used when
‘sick all over’
► Flowers and entire plant kept as good luck
charm
Argeome polyanthemos
Argeome polyanthemos
Family: Ranunculaceae
► Salve
of pulverized seed used on burns,
cuts, and scrapes.
► Used to make a yellow dye (Sioux)
► Poultice of pounded, ripe seeds applied as
hemorrhoid remedy.
► Moistened, pulverized seed used to kill head
lice.
► Infusion used as eye wash
Plant Sub-classes
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Magnoliopsida (Dicots)
Magnoliidae
Hamamelidae
Caryophyllidae
Dilleniidae
Rosidae
Asteridae
Liliopsida (Monocots)
Alismatidae
Arecidae
Commelinidae
Zingiberidae
Liliidae
► (Arthur Cronquist. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants)
Dicot Phyletic Relationships
(Arthur Cronquist. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants)
► This alignment features the Magnoliidae as including extant dicot elements that carry
the greatest number of archaic features (similar to the 'original' flowering plant) and the
Asteridae (Sunflowers and relatives) as the most 'derived' or specialized element of the
Class.
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Rosidae
► The
Rosidae is the largest subclass of the
flowering plants. Its 18 orders, 114
families, and over 58,000 species comprise
over one third of the dicotyledonous
families. The number of species is only
approached by the Asteridae. Almost 75
percent of the species are classified in five
orders – Fabales, Euphorbiales, Myrtales,
Rosales, and Sapindales.
Rosidae
► The
basal members of this sub-class are
comparable to the primitive Magnoliidae
whereas the most advanced members share
features with members of the Asteridae.
Rosidae I
Larger flowers, apocarpous or monocarpous gynoecia
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Basal (more primitive) orders:
Rosales
Fabales
Proteales
Podostemales
Haloragales
Myrtales
Rhizophorales
Cornales
Santalales
Rafflesiales
Rosidae II
Reduction in overall flower size, aggregation of flowers into complex inflorescences.
► More
advanced orders:
► Celastrales
► Euphorbiales
► Rhamnales
► Linales
► Polygalales
► Sapindales
► Geraniales
► Apiales
Euphorbiaceae
More advanced Euphorbiales (Rosidae II)
► Herbs, shrubs, stem succulents or trees, often with milky
sap
► Large (300 genera, 7500 species) pan-tropical family,
sparingly represented in temperate areas.
► Some of the succulent types of cactus bear a remarkable,
superficial resemblance to columnar cacti.
► The large genus, Euphorbia, has a unique, highly modified
inflorescence called a cyanthium. The outer portion of this
inflorescence consists of a cuplike involucre of 4-5 connate
bracts.
►
Euphorbia marginata Pursh.
Croton texensis
► Not
documented in
Montana, but should
be in southeastern
portion of state. Plant
is documented in
Wyoming.
Euphorbia pulcherrima
syn Poinsettia pulcherrima
► Christmas
poinsettia
► Native to Mexico and
Central America.
► Winter-flowering shrub
to ten feet.
Aceraceae
► More
advanced Sapindales (Rosidae II)
► North temperate regions and southeast Asia
► Shrubs or trees
► Two to four genera in family with Acer
genus only one represented in Montana
► Common characteristic is opposite leaf
arrangement and fruit a schizocarp.
Acer glabrum Torrey
Acer negundo L.
Acer grandidentatum Nutt.
Rutaceae
► More
advanced Sapindales (Rosidae II)
► The citrus fruits are representative
► Often armed with thorns
► Widespread, especially common in tropic and subtropics of both Old and New Worlds
► Herbs, shrubs, or trees
► 150 genera and 900-1500 species
► No representatives of this family natively occur in
Montana
Ruta graveolens L.
► Survives
as a perennial
herb in Montana
gardens.
► Causes dermatitis in
some people.
► Native to southern
Europe.
Ptelea trifoliata
► Native
to North
America
► Strongly aromatic
leaves
► Aka Stinking Ash
► Grows in Billings
gardens
Dictamnus albus L.
► Native
to southern
Europe to northern
Asia
► Extremely variable
perennial herb
► Aka gas plant
► Strong smelling
► Survives perennially in
Billings gardens
Citrus x paradisi
Grapefruit
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Culture of grapefruit
primarily developed in
Florida and is essentially a
North American enterprise
Important crop in south
Texas and southern
California.
Evergreen, usually thorny.
Genus native to se Asia
Fragrant leaves and
flowers
Phellodendron amurense
► Rutaceae
family
► Grows in Billings gardens but native to Amur River
region of eastern Asia
► Skunk-like odor
Rhus trilobata
► Native
to Montana and
in family
Anacardiaceae
► Anacardiaceae in order
Sapindales of sub-class
Rosidae
► Has distinctive odor
► AKA skunkbush sumac