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National Railroad Contractors Association Plant Biology Plant growth stages Plant life cycles Plant types Plant construction Plant growth factors Seedling – Small succulent – Stage most easily controlled Vegetative – Rapid growth Reproductive Mature – Flowers and seeds – Post reproductive Annual Biennial Perennial Annuals complete their life cycle in one year. Winter annuals Summer annuals Seeds germinate late summer to early fall, Flower and produce seed in mid-to late spring, and Die the next summer. Seeds germinate in the spring, Flower, produce seeds mid-to late summer, and Die in the fall. Ex-most everything Live for two growing seasons. Seeds germinate in spring, summer, or fall of first year. Plants over winter as basal rosette with storage root. After exposure to cold, plants flower and produce seeds in summer of second year. Die in the fall. Produce vegetative structure that allows them to live more than two years. • Overwinters by a perennial root • Reproduce entirely by seed Overwinters Produces new plants from reproductive structures Most also reproduce from seed Stolons horizontal above ground stems Creeping roots Underground root modified for food storage, vegetative reproduction Grows deep in soil Resistant to control Soil line Rhizomes horizontal underground stems http://www.wildlifeanalysis.org/movabletype/archives/rhizome.jpg Tubers thick underground stems on the ends of rhizomes Bulbs modified underground leaf tissue Reproducing parts Grasses/Sedges Broadleaves Vines Trees Ferns (forbs) • One leaf at germination • Fibrous root system •Growing point at soil surface •Narrow upright leaves •Parallel veins running length of leaf • 2 leaves at germination • Broadleaves • Netted veins • Growing points all over • Tap root system Plant with a weak stem that needs support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface Trees - perennial, single main stem or trunk Shrubs - perennial, more than one principal stem, shorter than trees Largest group of seedless, vascular plants Grow in moist places New fronds (leaf) form from rhizome Xylem – moves herbicide, water, nutrients up from roots Phloem – moves herbicide from foliage down to roots Grasses have vascular bundles that contain xylem and phloem in one unit Water Transports nutrients and herbicides from root to leaf Moves sugars and foliar applied herbicides from leaf to roots Water Rain is key in photosynthesis carries herbicide to root zone Soil Soil texture depends on percentages of sand, silt, clay Soil Coarse or light soil is high in sand Soil Fine or heavy soils are high in clay Soil Dark soils are high in organic matter (OM), decaying plants and animals. As Clay As OM As Sand Adsorption Adsorption Adsorption Leaching Leaching Leaching Herbicide Use Herbicide Use Herbicide Use Application Rate Application Rate Application Rate Temperature As Temperature Warm soils Plant activity Persistence of herbicide Speed of herbicide effect