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Plant Anatomy
MUPGRET Workshop
March 27, 2004
Definitions
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Anatomy
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Morphology
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Study of form and basic organization.
Study of tissue organization.
Physiology
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Study of normal organism function.
Life Cycle
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Juvenile
Vegetative
Adult
Reproductive
Plant Structure
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Two main organ systems: shoot and
root
Shoot
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Above ground
Leaves, buds, stems, flowers, fruits
Root
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Below ground
roots, tubers, rhizomes
Plant Cells
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Formed at meristems.
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Mitosis in meristem produces new cells.
Two types of meristems.
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Apical – produces primary growth, ex. tip
of root or shoot.
Lateral – produces secondary growth, ex.
cambium.
Apical Meristem
Lateral Meristem
Cells are grouped into tissues.
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Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Cell Types
Epidermal
Ground
Vascular
Zea mays L. leaf cross section
Dermal Tissue
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Covers outer surface of herbaceous
plants.
Composed of epidermal cells that
secrete the waxy cuticle.
Waxy cuticle protects against water
loss.
Ground Tissue
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Bulk of the primary plant body.
Composed of parenchyma,
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Parenchyma
Parenchyma
pineapple
Collenchyma
Celery
Schlerenchyma
hau – used to make rope
Vascular Tissue
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Transports food, water, hormone, and
minerals.
Composed of xylem, phloem,
parenchyma, and cambium.
Vascular tissue
Xylem
Dutchmens pipe
Dicot stem
Vegetative Structures
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Roots
Stem
Leaf
Roots
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Tap root
Fibrous root
Adventitious root
Tuberous root
Aerial root
Roots
Tuberous
Taproot
Fiberous
Taproots
Stem Anatomy
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Bud – undeveloped shoot.
Node – Location of leaf or bud on stem.
Internode – Space between nodes.
Pith – Spongy tissue in the center of the
stem.
Lenticel – Pore in the outer layer of the
stem.
Stem
Stem Modifications
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Tuber – underground stem with nodes
Rhizome – underground stem with buds
Stolon – aboveground stem with shoot
buds
Bulb – underground stem with fleshy
leaves
Corm – underground stem with papery
leaves
Modified Stem
Tendril
Thorn
Onion set
Rhizome
Modified Stem II
Corm
Asparagus
Stolon
Growth Form
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Herb
Shrub
Tree
Vine
Growth Cycle
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Annual – single season
Biennial – two seasons
Perennial – multiple seasons
Evergreen – leaves persist > 2 seasons
Decidious – leaves die in cold or dry
Leaf Parts
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Petiole
Blade
Stipule
Axillary bud
Leaf Structure
Blade
Stipule
Axillary Bud
Petiole
Leaf Arrangement
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Alternate
Opposite
Whorled
Leaf form
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Simple
Compound
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Pinnate
Palmate
Vein Arrangement
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Pinnate
Palmate
Parallel
Dichotomous
Dichotomous
Leaf Shape
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Ovate
Elliptic
Oblong
Lanceolate
Linear
Orbicular
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Cordate
Hastate
Sagittate
Peltate
Perfoliate
Terete
Leaf Margins
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Entire
Serrate
Doubly serrate
Dentate
Crenate
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Undulate
Revolute
Crisped
Lobed
Misc. Vegetative Structures
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Thorns
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Spines
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modified stems (Honey Locust)
modified leaves (Cactus)
Prickles
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epidermal outgrowth (Rose)
Reproductive Structures
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Flowers
Fruits
Floral Parts
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Pedicel
Sepal
Petal
Perianth
Stamen
Carpel
Pistil
Flower
Floral Symmetry
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Actinomorphic
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Many axes of symmetry, ie. the same
wherever you cut it.
Zygomorphic
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One axis of summetry, ie. can only cut one
way.
Inflorescence Types
Solitary
Spike
Spadix
Spikelet
Whorl
Panicle
Raceme
Umbel
Compound
Umbel
Fruit Types
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Dry, indehiscent fruit
Dry, dehiscent fruit
Fleshy fruit
Other
Dry, indehiscent fruits
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Achene (lettuce)
Samara (maple)
Caryposis (wheat)
Nut (almond)
Dry, Dehiscent Fruit
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Legume (soybean)
Capsule (tobacco)
Silique (Arabidopsis)
Schizocarp (maple)
Fleshy Fruits
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Drupe (peach, nectarine)
Berry (tomato)
Pepo (cucumber)
Hesperidium (citrus)
Hip (rose)
Pome (apple, pear)
Other Fruit Types
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Aggregate
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Multiple
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mature ovaries from separate pistils of one flower
(ex. raspberry)
mature ovaries from separate pistils of several
flowers (ex. pineapple)
Accessory
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fruit is something other than ovary tissue (ex.
strawberry is a swollen receptacle, seeds are
achenes)
Placentation
Marginal
Axile
Free central
Apical
Parietal
Basal
Ovary Position
Hypogynous
(above calyx)
Perigynous
(within the
floral cup)
Epigynous
(below calyx)
Monocots vs. Dicots
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One cotyledon
Parallel leaf veins
Flower parts often in
multiples of three
Vascular bundles
scattered in stem
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Two cotyledons
Netlike leaf veins
Flower parts often in
multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular bundles in
a ring in the stem