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Aim: How do the structures of plants enable them to survive? Roots Stems Leaves Main Tissue Systems of Plants: 1)Dermal Tissue – the outer covering or the “skin” of the plant (epidermis). 2)Vascular Tissue – transports water, minerals, and organic molecules between the roots and leaves. 3)Ground Tissue – fills in the spaces between the dermal and vascular tissues. 4)Meristem Tissue – generate new dermal, vascular, and tissues in plants. Found in Roots and stems. Root Structure & Function: Roots anchor a plant in the soil, provide structural support, and absorb water and minerals. The vascular tissue allows for transport. Cells divide rapidly by mitosis and allows for growth in length (primary growth). Stem Structure & Function: Stems are the parts of a plant that support leaves and flowers. Stems play an important role in transporting materials in a plant. Vascular tissue runs vertically inside. Vascular Bundles How are materials transported? Vascular Tissue: Xylem – transports water & dissolved minerals upward from roots to the leaves. Transpiration – the evaporation of water from leaves, “pulls” the water up the xylem. How are materials transported? TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS FROM… The leaf to the roots. Vascular Tissue: Phloem – transports food made in leaves to the roots & parts of the plant that don’t photosynthesize (fruits). Secondary Growth: Woody Plants Secondary Growth – growth in plant width. Vascular Cambium – actively dividing cells located between xylem & phloem. Cork Cambium – produces a tough outer layer of cork. Leaf Structure & Function: Leaves are the primary food-producing sites of a plant (photosynthesis). Epidermis – outer layer of cells. Cuticle on surface keeps moisture inside. Palisade Layer – closely packed photosynthetic cells. Spongy Layer – loosely packed photosynthetic cells. Allow for gas exchange. Guard cells – regulate the opening/closing of the stomates. How does CO2 get inside the leaf?OPEN STOMATES GUARD CELLS Should the stomates always be open? WATER VAPOR No, because the plant will lose water & wilt. When should the guard cells stomates close the ________? When it’s really dry Stomates Open – water vapor exits & carbon dioxide enters Stomates Closed – plant is conserving water