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Atmosphere and Hydrosphere QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. SJCHS Atmosphere • Atmosphere: Layer of gases that surround the Earth • Composition • 78 % Nitrogen • 21% Oxygen • 1% Other (Water Vapor, CO2) •Particles: dust, pollen, smoke, exhaust, pyroclastic material Atmosphere • Troposphere: 0- ~12 km; temperature decreases as altitude increases • Heated by solar radiation; where most weather events occur QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Atmosphere • Ozone Layer: Made of O3 • Formation absorbs UV light from the sun QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Atmosphere • A major function of atmosphere is to regulate heating of Earth QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Radiation • Solar radiation: Energy that heats Earth in form of following rays: •UV, visible light, infrared QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Radiation • Light can be transmitted, absorbed, reflected Radiation • 50 % of solar energy is absorbed by Earth’s surface/ocean • 20% of solar energy is absorbed by atmosphere • 30% is reflected to space from atmosphere, clouds, surface QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Convection • Convection: Transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (such as air or water) QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Convection •A pocket of air (or a thermal) is heated at surface of Earth by conduction, becoming less dense • Air rises, expands, and cools • Cool air is more dense and will fall to Earth • Convection circulation cycle repeats QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Coriolis Effect • Coriolis Effect • Due to rotation counterclockwise of the Earth, objects change direction (NOT SPEED) • Northern Hemisphere: Deflect right • Southern Hemisphere: Deflect left QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Cyclones • Tropical Cyclone (aka hurricane or typhoon): Storms that form at low pressure areas over warm water QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Videos: Hurricane Formation Fronts •Front: Boundary between air masses; where most major weather events occur QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Fronts • Warm Front: Warm air moves above cold air causing precipitation QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Fronts • Cold Front: Cold air sinks under warm air causing heavy precipitation QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Seasons • Solar energy that strikes the Earth’s surface directly is more intense than solar energy that strikes at an angle QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Seasons • Due to Earth’s spherical shape, areas at equator get more sun than areas near the poles QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Seasons •Albedo: Measurement of light reflected from a surface • high albedo, more reflection, lower temperatures QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Seasons • Earth’s orbit is elliptical and Earth is at a tilt QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Seasons Northern Hemisphere (opposite for Southern Hemisphere) Season Tilt of Earth Day length Temperature Summer Towards Longer Warmer Winter Away Shorter Colder QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a Seasons In Northern hemisphere, objects facing south get more sunlight in midlatitudes QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Seasons •Applications •Ski runs tend to be on north side of mountains •Solar panels face south QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Convection •Unequal heating, convection and the CE causes global wind patterns that affect climate on Earth QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Why is the sky blue? • When sunlight enters the atmosphere, light can scatter (reflected in many directions) QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Why is the sky blue? • Light that is reflected is what we see (other colors absorbed) Why is the sky blue? • When light hits an oxygen or nitrogen (or any small molecule) shorter wavelengths of light are scattered • Light will be scattered in all directions QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Why is the sky blue? • Larger particles (water vapor) scatter different wavelengths • Traveling through more atmosphere scatters different wavelengths QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Why isn’t the sky violet? • Human eyes contain red, green, and blue cones that allow us to see color • The brain interprets the color of sky as blue QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Hydrosphere • Hydrosphere: Ocean (salt) and freshwater on or underneath Earth(ground water/aquifers) • Freshwater is a limited resource QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Videos: Freshwater as a limited resource and solutions • Water in Africa • Play Pump • Water in California Ocean Currents • Upper ocean circulation is driven by winds • Gyres: Circular motion of water • Clockwise in Northern Hemisphere, Counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Ocean Currents • Thermohaline/ Deep Water Circulation: Colder/ high salinity water sinks, warmer/ less salinity water rises forming a deep water current QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Hydrosphere http://video.pbs.org/video/2203388630 http://video.pbs.org/video/2222028532 http://video.pbs.org/video/1533347949 http://video.pbs.org/video/2212706337 http://video.pbs.org/video/2263346756 http://www.history.com/videos/the-aswan-high-dam#theaswan-high-dam
