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CHAPTER 4 Population Ecology Finding Gold in a Costa Rican Cloud Forest • Golden toads lived in Costa Rica’s Monteverde cloud forest. • Golden toads were first described in 1964. They were extinct by 1989. Talk About It Why is the extinction of the golden toad a global concern? How do changes in population size relate to environmental conditions? • http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/weekend-windowkatmai-national-park-8622554 Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology Ernst Haeckel defined ecology in 1866 as “the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature—the total relations of the animal to both its inorganic and organic environment.” Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology Levels of Ecological Organization • The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments • Scientists study ecology at various levels of organization. • Individuals • Populations • Communities • Ecosystems • Biosphere Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic factors: Parts of an ecosystem that are living or used to be living • Abiotic factors: Parts of an ecosystem that have never been living Did You Know? Decaying organisms are biotic factors as long as their structure remains cellular. Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology Habitat • The specific environment in which an organism lives • Habitats provide an organism with resources—anything an organism needs to survive and reproduce, including food, shelter, and mates. Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations From 1900 to 2000, the white-tailed deer population of New York state grew from about 20,000 to more than 1 million. Densities of more than 100 deer per sq mi occur in some metropolitan areas. Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations Population Size http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/populations-densitysurvivorship-and-life-histories.html • The number of individuals in a population at a given time • Sudden and dramatic decreases in population size can indicate an unhealthy population headed toward extinction. • Ecologists often use sampling techniques to estimate population size. Did You Know? The passenger pigeon was once North America’s most abundant bird. Hunting drove them to extinction in less than 100 years. Counting Laysan Albatross Nests Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations Population Density • Measure of how crowded a population is • Larger organisms generally have lower population densities. • Low population density: More space, resources; finding mates can be difficult • High population density: Finding mates is easier; tends to be more competition; more infectious disease; more vulnerability to predators Northern pintail ducks Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations Population Distribution • How organisms are arranged within an area: • Random distribution: Organisms arranged in no particular pattern QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Uniform distribution: Organisms evenly spaced QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Clumped distribution: Organisms grouped near resources; most common distribution in nature QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations Age Structure • Relative number of organisms of each age group within population • Can be used to predict future population growth of a population QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations Sex Ratios • Proportion of males to females • Age structure diagrams give information about sex ratios. • For a monogamous species, the ideal sex ratio is 50:50. Lesson 4.3 Population Growth http://www.npr.org/2011/10/31/141816460/visualizing -how-a-population-grows-to-7-billion From 1800 to today, the human population has grown from about 1 billion to more than 6.8 billion—an exponential rate of increase. Lesson 4.3 Population Growth Birth and Death Rates http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/populations-densitysurvivorship-and-life-histories.html • A population’s relative birth and death rates (mortality and natality) affect how it grows. • Survivorship curves show how the likelihood of death varies with age. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lesson 4.3 Population Growth Immigration and Emigration • In addition to births and deaths, population growth is affected by immigration and emigration—individuals moving into and out of a population. • Migration, seasonal movement into and out of an area, can temporarily affect population size. Lesson 4.3 Population Growth Calculating Population Growth • Determined by the following equation: (birthrate + immigration rate) – (death rate + emigration rate) • Growing populations have a positive growth rate; shrinking populations have a negative growth rate. • Usually expressed in terms of individuals per 1000 QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Did You Know? Immigration contributes more than 1 million people to the U.S. population per year. Lesson 4.3 Population Growth Exponential Growth • Population increases by a fixed percentage every year. • Normally occurs only when small populations are introduced to an area with ideal environmental conditions • Rarely lasts long QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lesson 4.3 Population Growth Logistic Growth and Limiting Factors • Growth almost always slows and stops due to limiting factors. • Limiting factors: Environmental characteristics slow population growth and determine carrying capacity. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Density-dependent: Influence changes with population density. • Density-independent: Influence does not change with population density. Lesson 4.3 Population Growth Biotic Potential • An organism’s maximum ability to produce offspring in ideal conditions • Many factors influence biotic potential, including gestation time and generation time. • Organisms with high biotic potential can recover more quickly from population declines than organisms with low biotic potential. Endangered species http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ • Select an endangered species to investigate • Describe the animal’s environment. What resources do they require (food, shelter, fresh water, salt water, etc.)? • Find out why this species is endangered (if known). Did the environment change and how? Did human actions affect the decline in the population of this species? • What is being done to protect this species? • Create a 2-4 slide PPT including this information as well as a picture of the endangered animal • You must have at least two resources for this assignment. Copy and paste the links into your PPT.