Download Aquaculture microbiology (II)

Aquaculture
microbiology
(II)
Topic 10
Ms Sherina Kamal
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Problems in aquaculture
1. Parasites and diseases
2. Competing/Conflicting Interests
3. ………………
4. Growing Exotic / Mutated Species
5. Growing Genetically Modified
/Transgenic Organisms (GMOs)
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Problems in aquaculture
6.Habitat Impacts
7.Inefficiency
8.Mitigation Plans for Hazards
9.Human Health …………….
10.Unexpected Environmental Harm and
Abandoned/Bankrupt Facilities
11.Water Pollution
Parasites and diseases
Parasites and diseases
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Competing/Conflicting Interests
 Open water aquaculture facilities could
…………………….
 Areas of current significant competing
economic use or public value must be
eliminated for consideration for open
ocean aquaculture
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Competing/Conflicting Interests

These areas include
1. fishing grounds and routes to those fishing
grounds
2. vessel traffic lanes
3. military sites and areas of concern regarding
…………………………
4. marine reserves and otherwise protected areas
5. areas of significant multiple …………….
Competing/Conflicting Interests
Escapement
 Offshore aquaculture of finfish uses cages or pens
 These containers, even if well engineered way out sign and
built
 will allow some fish escapes into the open ocean, due to
various complications like severe weather, equipment
failure or ………………….
 In the case of net pens, predators may tear the
………………..
 can affect native populations through disease and dilution of
locally adaptive gene complexes, disrupt natural
ecosystems and jeopardize the recovery of depleted or
endangered species
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 consequences
could be widespread and …………………..
Growing Exotic / Mutated
Species
 Several problems are associated with
aquaculture production of non-native
species
 the use of local species in aquaculture
presents less ………………………
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Growing Exotic / Mutated Species
 These “new” species may:
invade local areas
 breed with or overtake natural populations
through escapement
 causing widespread environmental
concerns

Growing Genetically Modified
/Transgenic Organisms (GMOs)
 Farm raised fish are bred for profit
 those that have certain marketable traits are
the most desirable
 Selecting and only breeding fish with
advantageous characteristics (e.g. largest
and fastest growers) is one means to alter
genetic …………………
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Growing Genetically Modified
/Transgenic Organisms (GMOs)
 In some instances, direct genetic manipulation occurs
in a lab, to change

For example: appearance and breeding abilities
 In either of these circumstances, the outcome
produces a genetically different fish than those found
in the wild
 Similar to problems associated with culture of exotic
and mutated species

proposed farming of GMOs raises concerns that
through escapement
 the constitution of the ecosystem may be altered
 unknown health concerns to the consumer
Habitat Impacts
 Aquaculture requires construction of
appropriate facilities

In some areas could include severe habitat
impacts
 Dredging, drilling and other sediment and
bottom habitat disturbances

can cause displacement of ocean wildlife and
other potentially significant ecological changes
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Habitat Impacts
 In one famous
example

in Asia and Latin
America,
mangrove forests
have been cleared
to make space for
shrimp farms
Inefficiency
 Cultured species are fed wild species
 This is an inefficient use of wild fish
 There are particular concerns that
aquaculture operations may increasingly rely
on natural food sources, such as krill, squid
and other small coastal ………………
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Inefficiency
 These lower trophic level species are a
crucial part of the marine ecosystem



serving as prey for marine mammals, birds
and fish
Many commercially and recreationally
important fish species depend directly on the
availability and abundance of such prey
species for their survival and recovery
Wild fish populations can only recover if the
ecosystem upon which they depend is intact
Mitigation Plans for Hazards
 A number of threats to wildlife and the
environment can come from open water
aquaculture
 A facility should be prepared to address
emergency situations

especially where immediate containment or
clean-up are necessary
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Mitigation Plans for Hazards




Permits should only be provided
once the applicant develops and
submits a plan to mitigate
potential harms due to
unexpected circumstances,
including:
escapement of fish
chemical pollution
…………………
Human Health Concerns
 Studies indicate that farm-raised fish contain
higher levels of chemical pollutants than wild
fish: PCBs
 which are known carcinogens
 This is due to higher concentrations in the
fish feed
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Human Health Concerns
 Antibiotics are also a problem with farm-
raised fish
 effecting consumers directly
 developing super strains of bacteria that
are resistant to antibiotics
 making diseases less treatable
 making diseases perpetuates the cycle
of increased antibiotic use
Unexpected Environmental Harm
and Abandoned/Bankrupt Facilities
 Open-ocean aquaculture depends on various
factors




weather
………………
disease control
human precision

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Some of these are not controllable
Unexpected Environmental Harm
and Abandoned/Bankrupt Facilities
 facility is damaged by any number of
unplanned events

causing a major escape or significant chemical
pollution
 Remedying such situations requires
significant monetary resources that might not
be available from the company at the time of
the occurrence
Water Pollution
 Water flowing out of an aquaculture facility
can carry excessive nutrients, particulates,
rusted drain pipe bacteria, other diseased
organisms and polluting chemicals
 These may harm surrounding habitats



cause algal blooms
poison ocean wildlife
Feed and fecal matter from aquaculture
facilities can deplete the dissolved oxygen
concentrations within and around the site
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Water Pollution
 excess food
 feces
 cage materials
 antibiotics/other
cleaning/algal
growth prohibiting
chemicals
Water Pollution

Since different fish have varying
tolerances to dissolved oxygen levels


the wastewater being discharged from an
aquaculture operation may have large
impacts outside the facility long before a
problem is detected within
Anti-fouling agents used to keep
cages/pens clean are highly toxic
Water Pollution
 For example, the common anti-fouling agent
butyltin (specifically tributyltin) has been
linked to reproductive problems in gastropod
mollusks (i.e. whelks and abalone) and is
suspected to cause immune suppression in
marine mammals including
……………………………………..
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