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Transcript
Organization of Life Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms What is an ecosystem? • An ecosystem is all the animals and the plants in a habitat, together with their environment. • An ecosystem provides everything that the animals and plants that live there need. ecosystem - all the living and nonliving things that interact in an area Levels of Organization in an Ecosystem Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biotic Vs. Abiotic Factors What things are included in an ecosystem? • Living – Biotic factors • Things that are living • Bio=life • Biology=study of life – Examples: • • • • • Humans Dogs Trees Flowers Bacteria • Nonliving – Abiotic factors • Things that are NOT living • A=NOT • Bio=life – Examples: • • • • • Rocks Oxygen (O2) Sunlight Water Carbon dioxide (CO2) Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors SKY SUNLIGHT WIND Water SAND Chapter 19, Section 2 (pages 512-515): Cycles in Nature Ecological Succession: Objectives: - to learn about the development of communities by succession - to learn the difference between primary and secondary succession (and some organisms characteristic of each process) - to examine the gradual formation of a mature community Ecological Succession succession – the replacement of one type of community with another of a single place over a period of time Ecological Succession A gradual development of a community over time, such as the regrowth of a forest after a fire, is called succession – 1. primary succession – 2. secondary succession – 3. mature communities (and biodiversity) Ecological Succession 1. Primary Succession – occurs in an area where other organisms had not previously lived – No soil, just bare rocks – Over a very long time, a series of organisms live and die on the rock = primary succession – The first organisms to live in this area are called pioneer species Ecological Succession Secondary Succession - A 2. change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones – It occurs in an area where an existing community is partially damaged Ecological Succession Ecological Succession 3. Climax Community – a community that is stable and has a great diversity of organisms - it is also called a mature community Explore the World Around You! Adapted from Mrs. Kirkpatrick What is a Habitat? • A habitat is a place where a particular animal or plant species lives. • An artificial habitat is a manmade place. • The ecological role of the organism in its habitat is called its niche. Which habitats do you recognize? • • • • Desert Rain Forest Tundra Prairie • • • • Grassland Forest Marine Zoo Describe the characteristics of Earth's major terrestrial biomes (tropical rain forest, savannah, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra and mountain) and aquatic communities (freshwater, estuaries and marine) (GPS, ITBS) (7SC_B2005‐12) • 12a ‐ give examples of adaptations organisms have which make them suited to life in specific biomes • 12a1 ‐ describe the climate and other abiotic and biotic factors of major biomes • assess how changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of both individuals and entire species and cause them to become endangered or extinct (GPS, ITBS, CE) (7SC_B2005‐13) What are Biomes? A biome is one of Earth’s large ecosystems… Biomes are regions in the world that share similar plant structures, plant spacing, animals, and climate (= weather = precipitation + temperatures). We know… • There are many ecosystems on the Earth • There are many different species on the Earth • Species adapt to fit their ecosystem …but why? How are Biomes Classified? Biomes are classified as either terrestrial (land) or aquatic (water). Terrestrial comes from the Latin word terrestris which means earth. Aqua means water; aquatic refers to freshwater, marine and estuary ecosystems. How Many Biomes Are There? Scientists disagree over the exact number of biomes, but in general they include around 8-10 biomes. climate – long-term prevailing weather conditions in a particular area The sun’s warming effect on the atmosphere, land, and water establishes the temperature variations, cycles of air movement, seasonal variation, and evaporation of water, that are responsible for dramatic latitudinal variations in climate How are biomes formed? Biomes are distributed across the Earth based on climate. Therefore, in areas that are far apart, you will sometimes find similar plants and animals because the climate is similar. Biomes usually found at cold latitudes far from the equator are sometimes also found on high mountains at low latitudes. Typically, a climb of 100 feet in elevation is equivalent to traveling 600 miles northward. Typically, the farther you move north or south of the equator, the colder the temperature gets. Another factor affecting climate is elevation. The higher you go in elevation, the colder the temperature gets. Climates of the World • There are 3 major climate zones that cover the world. –Polar, temperate, and tropical In the zone • Within each zone, there are a variety of biomes which support various ecosystems. –A biome is a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and the plants and animals that live The tropical zone • Also known as the tropics, this is the warmest zone located around the equator. • The tropical zone extends from 23.5° S to 23.5° N –The tropical zone includes the following biomes: •Tropical rain forests The temperate zone • This is the area between the tropical zone and the polar zone. • This zone occurs from 23.5°N to 66.5°N and 23.5°S to 66.5°S • Temperatures here tend to be moderate (in the middle). – The United States sits in the temperate zone. – The temperate zone includes the following biomes: • Temperate forests • Temperate grasslands • Temperate deserts The polar zone •These zones surround the poles of the Earth. They have the coldest average temperatures. •This zone extends from 66.5°N to 90°N and 66.5°S to 90°S –The polar zone includes the following biomes: –Tundras –Taigas You are responsible for studying the following biomes: Earth’s Major Terrestrial Biomes: • • • • • • • Tropical rain forest Savanna Temperate forests Desert Taiga Tundra Mountain You are responsible for studying the following biomes: Earth’s Major Aquatic Communities: • Freshwater • Estuaries • Marine Great EssayCharacteristics of Biomes: • • • • • Rainfall + Temperature = Climate Physical features Geographical locations Types of Animals Types of Plants (vegetation/producers) Forests • Covers 1/3 of the Earth’s area • Dominated by trees and woody vegetation • Precipitation - distributed evenly throughout the year Temperate Deciduous Forest • Moderate climate • Temperature – varies throughout the year (seasonal); ranges between -30oC and 30oC • Precipitation - even throughout the year;; averages from 75 to 150cm • Soil - rich with decayed matter • Flora - Plants consist of broad leave trees; most trees will lose their leaves in the winter; well-developed understory • Fauna - squirrels, rabbits, deer, skunks, and Deciduous Forest You can find deciduous forests in Eastern America, Southern tip of South America, Western Europe, eastern China, & East Australia. A forest biome with many kinds of trees that lose their leaves each autumn • The average temperature in our biome is about 50 degrees F. • The average precipitation is about 3060 inches per year. Animals of the Deciduous Forest • Wolves, deer, bears, and a wide variety of small mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and insects Polar Boreal/Taiga or Coniferous Forest • • • • • Also known as Taiga, or Coniferous Forest The largest terrestrial biome Typically found between 45o and 60o North latitude Temperature – Low temperatures, cold climate with summer rains Precipitation - Snow is the primary form of precipitation (40 – 100 cm annually) • Soil – nutrient-poor, acidic • Flora – mostly conifers such as pine, spruce and fir trees; limited understory • Fauna – Animals include woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bears, lynx, but very few reptiles Animals of the Taiga • Rodents, snowshoe hares, lynx, sables, ermine, caribou, bears, wolves, birds in summer Tropical Rainforest Tropical Rainforest • Location = typically found near the equator • Precipitation = receives more than 200cm of rain annually • Temperature = typically between 20oC and 25oC for the entire year • Highest biodiversity = as many as 50% of all the world’s animal species may be found here Rain Forest • • • • The Rain Forest is made of 3 layers The first layer is the canopy The second layer is the understory The third is the forest floor Animals of the Tropical Rain Forest • More species of insects, reptiles, and amphibians than any place else; monkeys, other small and large mammals, including in some places elephants, all sorts of colorful birds Chaparral Chaparral • Location - found between 32o and 40o latitude on the west coast of continents • Precipitation - receives between 35 and 70cm of rain, usually in the winter • Extremely resistant to drought and Earth’s Biomes (whole page) Climate Zone Biome Name Avg. Temp Precipitation Soil type Plants Animals Temperate Grassland (prairie, steppes, pampas, savannas) • Temperatures vary summer to winter • Moderate rain fall • Seasonal drought and occasional fires • Typical animal life includes jack rabbits, deer, foxes, coyotes, birds, and many other species Grassland Grassland • A biome where grasses, not trees, are the main plant life. Prairies are one kind of grassland region. Prairie, Steppes, Pampas, Savannas • Temperature: Summer temperatures can reach up to 38oC, and winter temperatures can fall to –40oC; varies summer to winter • Precipitation: moderate rain fall = usually receives between 50 and 90cm of rainfall each year • Seasonal drought and occasional fires • Fauna: typical animal life includes jack rabbits, deer, foxes, coyotes, birds, and many other species • Flora: Because of the dry climate, trees are found only near water sources such as streams There are two types of grasslands. The tropical grasslands (savannah) and the temperate grasslands. – Dominated by grasses – savannah has a wet and dry season – Temperate grassland has a hot summer and cold Grassland animals • American Grasslands: Prairie dogs, foxes, small mammals, snakes, insects, various birds Tropical Savanna • • • • • Warm/hot climates Major vegetation is grass Dry and rainy seasons Seasonal fires help maintain balance The savanna is home to various reptiles, rodents, birds, and large mammals such as elephants, lions, tigers, giraffes and zebras Tropical Savanna • Experience a wet and dry season • Temperatures: Hot • Precipitation: Annual rainfall is between 50 and 127cm • Flora: Grasslands with a few scattered trees • Fauna: More species of grazing mammals than any other biome Tropical Savanna Desert • A sandy or rocky biome, with little precipitation and little plant life Desert Desert • Location – Typically found between 25o and 40o latitude • Precipitation – Little rain = receives less than 25 cm (10 inches) of rain each year; very dry air, arid • Temperature - typically ranges between 20oC and 25oC but some extreme deserts can reach temperatures higher than 38oC and lower than –15oC; high daytime temperatures, low evening temperatures • Lots of wind Animals of the Desert • Rodents, snakes, lizards, tortoises, insects, and some birds. The Sahara Desert in Africa is home to camels, gazelles, antelopes, small foxes, snakes, lizards, and gerbils Tundra • A cold biome of the far north; the ground is frozen even in summer Tundra Tundra • Treeless or marshy plain; very cold; low diversity; simple vegetation; short growing season (6-8 weeks) • Permafrost – permanently frozen soil starting as high as a few centimeters below the surface – which severely limits plant growth • Temperature - Winter temperatures average –34oC Summer temperatures usually average below 10oC • Precipitation - Low precipitation (15–25 cm per year) but ground is usually wet because of low evaporation; Animals of the Tundra • Musk oxen, migrating caribou, arctic foxes, weasels, snowshoe hares, owls, hawks, various rodents, seals, walruses, occasional polar bear Marine Biome • Water covers nearly 75% of the Earth’s surface • There are numerous species of plants and animals who live here. • These range in size from microscopic organisms to the size of a 100 ft whale. • Consists of oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries • The ocean is the largest of all ecosystems. • The ocean contains a diverse array of plants and animals at various depth zones. • Coral reefs consist mainly of coral. • Estuaries are areas where fresh and salt water environments converge. Mangroves, oysters, crabs and marsh grasses are examples of species in this environment. Freshwater Biomes • Includes ponds, and lakes; streams and rivers, and wetlands • Ponds and lakes have well lit zones and a variety of fish dominate this zone. • Streams and rivers move in one direction. • Wetlands are areas of standing water that support aquatic plants. ENGAGE • Listen to the sounds in the El Yunque Rainforest in Puerto Rico. This is the only rainforest in the U.S. and its territories. http://www.hear.org/alienspeciesinhawaii/sp ecies/frogs/index.html#frogcalls EXPLORE • Complete the “Biome Box Activity.” EXPLAIN 1. List major biomes of the world. 2. How does the climate of a biome affect the flora and fauna of the region? 3. List unique characteristics of biomes. EVALUATE In your journal, list 5 biomes describing at least 3 characteristics for each of the 5 biomes. Describe how different environments support different varieties of organisms. • Protect the wonderful world around you! • Remember each habitat is a unique place where plants and animals make their home. • What makes your habitat unique? Types of Interactions Population Ecology: Interactions within the Environment 1. Limiting factors 2. Carrying capacity Limits on Population Growth • Limiting factors slow the population growth rate down. • Population growth levels off at a carrying capacity—the largest population size of a given species an environment can hold. Population Size Number of individuals present at a given time The passenger pigeon was once North America’s most numerous bird, but is now extinct. Population Density Number of individuals per unit area In the 19th century, the flocks of passenger pigeons showed high population density. Population Distribution Habitat arrangement of individuals Interactions between Organisms: 1. 2. 3. 4. Competition Predators and Prey Symbiosis Coevolution Interactions between Organisms: 1. Competition: When 2 or more individuals of a single species interact with one another. Example: a group of rabbits feeding in the same area Interactions between Organisms: 1. 2. 3. 4. Competition Predators and Prey Symbiosis Coevolution Interactions between Organisms: 2. Predators and Prey: All Living Organisms in a Community are Dependent upon Each Other • Predators: are organisms that kill and consume animals Animals that eat other animals are called predators. Some animals are predators and prey. This means they eat some animals but are eaten by others. Animals that are eaten by other animals are called prey. Some prey animals are herbivores. Some omnivores and carnivores are also prey to other animals. Predator–prey cycles Population dynamics of predator–prey systems sometimes show paired cycles: ups and downs in one, drive ups and downs in the other. Interactions between Organisms: Predators and Prey Predator Adaptations: To survive, predators must be able to catch their prey. Predators have a wide variety of methods and abilities for doing so. Interactions between Organisms: Predators and Prey Prey Adaptations: Prey have their own methods and abilities to keep from being eaten. Example: Prey are able to run away from predators. Interactions between Organisms: Predators and Prey Prey Adaptations: More Examples: 1. Camouflage 2. Mimicry 3. Defensive Chemicals 4. Warning Coloration toad Adapted from Ms. Weinberg Interactions between Organisms: Predators and Prey Prey Adaptations: 1. Camouflage – blending in with the background Polar Bear • Has white fur for camouflage. • Each hair is hollow for extra insulation. • Has sharp teeth and claws to catch and eat prey. • Has ridged foot pads to prevent slipping. Wow! This insect looks exactly like its background. Protective Coloration • Coloration and protective resemblance allow an animal to blend into its environment. • Another word for this might be camouflage. • Their camouflage makes it hard for enemies to single out individuals. This alligator is doing a good job of hiding. Would it be camouflaged to its background if it had a bright pink body? Camouflage • Camouflage Many animals have the means of blending into their natural background for protection. • The fur of some small animals of northern countries turns white in winter, to blend with the snow. The fur of these animals is brown in summer, to enable them to hide from enemies in woods or brush. This owl looks like the rocks that surround it. Are these lips or a leaf? -A moth on a tree trunk Eyed-Hawk moth; looks like the eyes of a hawk so other animals will not want to eat him. Animals need to adapt to their environments or they get eaten. More Camouflage Interactions between Organisms: Predators and Prey Prey Adaptations: 2. Mimicry – adapt to look like something dangerous like a predator Mimicry • Mimicry allows one animal to look, sound, or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous. Physical adaptation Mimicry = looking or sounding like another living organism The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like the Monarch butterfly. Can you tell them apart? I’m the Viceroy! Poisonous I’m the Monarch! More Mimicry Hawk Moth Mimicry • This moth caterpillar defends itself by mimicking a snake. Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly larva or caterpillar, showing eyespots and somewhat humanlike face, USA. Physical adaptations are body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species. Physical adaptations © A. Weinberg help an animal survive in its environment. Interactions between Organisms: Predators and Prey Prey Adaptations: 3. Defensive Chemicals – having deadly toxins in or on itself Any predator that eats, or tries to eat, one of these animals will likely die (or at least get a really bad stomachache). Physical adaptation Chemical defenses (like venom, ink, sprays) Interactions between Organisms: Predators and Prey Prey Adaptations: 4. Warning Coloration – animals that have a chemical defense need a way to warn predators that they should look elsewhere for a meal…so they have adapted warning colors and patterns. Interactions between Organisms: 1. 2. 3. 4. Competition Predators and Prey Symbiosis Coevolution Interactions between Organisms: 3. Symbiosis - a close relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other Examples: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism Three Types of Symbiosis • Parasitism-parasite obtains food directly from other living organisms – Leech • Commensalism-one organism benefits while the other is largely unaffected – Remora and shark • Mutualism-a relationship that benefits both – Algae/coral reef Symbiosis Parasitism – a relationship in which one organism benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) –The parasite obtains food directly from other living organisms. • Examples: ticks on a dog, • leeches Three Types of Symbiosis Commensalism – a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected Example: barnacles on a whale, remoras on a shark Symbiosis – Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other • Example: birds eating pest off a rhino’s back, algae in a coral reef Symbiosis – “living together” Relationship Species A Species B Commensalism + 0 Mutualism + + Parasitism + - Interactions between Organisms: 1. 2. 3. 4. Competition Predators and Prey Symbiosis Coevolution Interactions between Organisms: 4. Coevolution: the evolution of two species that is due to mutual influence, often in a way that makes the relationship more beneficial to both species Examples: ants and acacia trees , pollinators and flowers Animals and plants • Most plants and animals are specially adapted to survive in a particular habitat. • They have developed special features to suit the demands of their environment. • This is called adaptation. Some more examples of adaptation... All birds have similar characteristics. But many water birds have features that are different from those birds live on land. Webbed feet for swimming Long legs are good for wading These wings act as flippers Some animals are camouflaged to blend in with their surroundings. This lion blends in well with the grassy background. This keeps them safe as it is more difficult for other animals to see them or catch them for food. These zebra could easily be mistaken for bushes from a distance. This lizards skin is so similar to the rock colour. Aquatic animals have streamlined bodies to move more easliy in the water. Camels store water in their humps. Snakes glide across the hot sands and can shed their skin These animals have adapted to live in the hot climate of the desert. Ostriches have long eyelashes to keep out the sand. These animals have adapted to be more suited to cold temperatures. Polar bears are kept warm by their body fat. Deer have a warm layer of fur. Layers of fat keep the seals body warm, and small ears stop heat loss. Even plants have adapted to their habitats. The cactus has fleshy stems that store water. Dandelions seeds are easily dispersed. The water provides support for this lily as it has less developed roots to hold it in place. Animals and plants help each other Plants and animals depend on each other for a wide variety of things. Protection Nests to reproduce Food Shelter Gas exchange Credits • North Gwinnett Middle School – 7th Grade Science Teachers: Karen Troncalli Wise, Rena Beckwith, Tom Manning, et al. • Text: – http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9k.html – http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/index.html • Pictures: – http://www.worldbiomes.com/ – http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/index.html – http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/ • PowerPoint: – Arizona Game and Fish Department, 2005 – NGMS 7th Grade Science Teachers Desert • Animals are small • Many animals are nocturnal • Temperatures can be very hot or very cold • Plants are adapted to conserve