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The Futurability of Biodiversity Chapter 6
How do human beings utilize biodiversity?
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
In review
Biodiversity means not only species-richness
but also diversities of various biological levels
(ecosystems, species and genes), which
interact with each other.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Today’s Topics
1. Direct use of biodiversity
What kinds of methods do we have for utilizing organisms?
2. Indirect use of biodiversity
What is ‘indirect use of biodiversity’?
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
1. Direct use of biodiversity
 What kinds of methods do we have for utilizing
organisms?
1) What is ‘direct use’?
2) Examples of direct use
Utilizing the individual organs of a species
Utilizing the species itself
Utilizing interspecific interactions
Utilizing genetic variations
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
1. Direct use of biodiversity 1) What is ‘direct use’?
Materials of clothes or tools
・coat/hide
・horn and bone
・fiber
Useful components
・resin
・fiber
・aroma
Wood
・log
・material of wood
products
・wood for growing
mushrooms
Fuels
・firewood
・charcoal
・pine oil
Fertilizer
・grass
Foods
wild vegetable, mushroom, animal meat
Direct use: harvesting organisms and using as various materials
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use
Utilizing the individual organs of a species
Cherry tree
Flower
dye
leaves
trunk
fruits
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use
Utilizing the individual organs of a species
Sheep
wool
(fibers)
meat
(food materials)
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
fur
(mat)
1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use
Utilizing the species itself
Broad-leaved forest on Yaku Island, Japan
Species
Yaku Island
uses
Distryium sp.
floor
Quercus spp.
(Q. myrsinaefolia, Q.
phillyraeoides)
Camellia sp. etc
firewood
chestnut
(castanea crenata)
food
timber
camphor tree
(Cinnamomum camphora)
repellent
wood ear fungus
food
Difference in species
= Difference in use
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
(See Chapter 7)
1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use
Utilizing interspecific interactions
Intercepting products/services
Use as human food (honey)
nectar
pollination
Use as pollinator of orchards
We utilize rewards to maintain mutualisms and
mutualistic interactions.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use
Utilizing interspecific interactions
Utilizing plants’ chemicals
Synthesizing
defense
chemicals
Human medicines
・quinine（medicine for malaria）
・colchicine（medicine for gout）
Luxury goods
・nicotine（tobacco）
・caffeine（coffee, tea）
herbivores
Human poison
・aconitine（aconite）
We utilize plants’ defensive chemicals against herbivores.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use
Utilizing genetic variation
Breeding of rice
- We have improved on wild rice to make new varieties of cultivated
rice which are suitable for daily consumption and resistant to diseases
or inclement climates.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Photo: Yoichiro Sato
1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use
Utilizing genetic variation
Breeding by crossing
- Crossing a variety which is suitable for daily consumption
with one that is resistant to disease or inclement climates.
Wild
Improved variety (left)
From wild relatives (right)
Paddy in Edo period
(17th-19th centuries),
named Kokuryomiyako
Modern paddies
Varieties for cultivation have been changed repeatedly to
acquire desirable characteristics by selection or artificial
crossing among varieties, utilizing genetic variation.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Photos: Yoichiro Sato
1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use
Utilizing genetic variation
Selecting mutant with
desirable characteristics
Artificial mutation
mutant A
suitable for daily
consumption and resistant
to severe climates
mutant B
not suitable for daily
consumption and vulnerable
to severe climates
mutant C
suitable for daily
consumption but vulnerable
to severe climates
radiation
mutagenic chemicals
We carry out recombination of the genes artificially, and
select the variety that has characteristics desirable for us.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Photo: Yoichiro Sato
Column 1: Genetic modification (GM)
Genetic modification
Recombining genes of a variety which is resistant to diseases or inclement
weather into those of a variety which has good flavor. This method can be
applied to recombination among species which do not naturally breed, for
example, recombining tomato genes into those of paddy (rice plants).
Advantage: shortening the time needed to select a variety
Examples of recombinant plants（features of recombined gene）
Tomato which keeps fresh and firm for a long time
(inhibiting the activity of enzyme which makes the fruit squishy)
Soybean which does not die by weedkiller
(having resistance to weedkiller)
Potato which suffers little damage by insect pests
(bacterial genes which are resistant to insect pests)
Papaya which is resistant to viral disease
(genes of virus itself)
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Column 1: Genetic modification (GM)
Problems of Genetic modification
1. Food safety
GM-plants have just been developed. We have not yet
been convinced that GM-plants do no harm.
2. Impact on ecosystem
GM-plants may bring gene contamination, evolution
of new pathogens or weed species, as well as a
variety of other impacts that we cannot predict.
3. Bioethical problems
Species is the basic unit of organisms.
GM disregards the basic unit.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Summary 1. Direct use of biodiversity
Direct use means using organisms
themselves by taking and processing them.
We use various components of biodiversity
(the individual organs of a species, the
species itself, interspecific interactions and
genes) for various purposes.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
2. Indirect use of biodiversity
 What kinds of methods do we have for places
whose biodiversity is high?
1) What is ‘indirect use’?
2) Examples of indirect use
Recreation
Ecotourism
Green tourism
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 1) What is ‘indirect use’?
Biodiversity
species
interaction
ecosystem
gene
High biodiversity itself
is a resource.
No organism is consumed as
a resource.
indirect use
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 1) What is ‘indirect use’?
Various recreations
…sometimes combined with direct use:
fishing
mushroom picking
mountain climbing
scuba diving
hunting
bird watching
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Sightseeing, relaxation and education
Recreation
Ecotourism
Green tourism
Nurturing culture（See Chapter 7）
Religion
Ritual
Art
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Ecotourism
Visitors study a fragile natural environment, its history and culture, through
their travel experience, also taking responsibility for conserving the place.
The higher its biodiversity, the more attractive it is for visitors.
What is the difference between ‘ecotourism’ and ‘tourism’?
1. Devices which lower the burden on the environment
・assembling a small number of people
・traveling methods which are low-impact
・providing enriched programs
2. Environmental education
・visitors: explanation about the environment by special guide
・recipients: training guides, research about the place
3. Economic returns to local community
・employing local people in businesses concerned with sightseeing
・local people receive steady income based on biodiversity, thus do not
plunder organisms in the place.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Example of ecotourism: Kinabalu Park in Borneo, Malaysia
• an area of 75,370 ha
• Mount Kinabalu (4,101 m at the summit)
– placed on the UNESCO Natural World Heritage list in 2000
– popular among mountaineers
– symbol of mountain worship for local people
• high biodiversity in fauna and flora
• Most visitors come from Malaysia, Europe, the U.S. and East Asia.
Mt. Kinabalu
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Flower of rafflesia
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Contents of Ecotourism in Kinabalu Park
• For mountaineers
– They have a duty to accompany special guide.
– They can study about the place from the guide’s explanations.
• For visitors who walk within the park and children who belong
to elementary school, junior high school, or high school
– Interpretation staff explain the organisms and forest within the park.
– Exhibition and education in the museum
– Sale of books and VCDs
Visitors in Kinabalu Park
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Accommodations in Kinabalu Park
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Environmental education in Kinabalu Park
・Delivering information about ecosystem, fauna and flora, especially
endemic species and endangered species
・Providing information about present facilities and recreation programs
conducted in the park
・Describing in detail the establishment of the park and its purpose
・Communicating research results to the public
・Managing research projects
(Botany, Zoology, Entomology, Education, and Interpretation)
・Managing the exhibition room and programs in the park
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
http://www.sabahparks.org.my/pages/kinapark.html
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Example of ecotourism: Costa Rica
National park and sanctuary
（a quarter of the country）
observation of forest
canopy layer via gondola
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
INBio (The National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica)
Main activities
• Inventory
• Monitoring
• Conservation
Sloth
• Education
• Sharing information
about biodiversity
Hummingbird
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
http://www.inbio.ac.cr/en/default.html
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Mechanism of sustainable use of biodiversity
by Ecotourism
financial support & employ
Visitor
service（ex. guiding）
knowledge
experience
Local community
change
conservation
resource use Scientist
monitoring
Environment
(Biodiversity)
biological resources
life and culture
Problems
・difficulty in the fair distribution of benefits among local people
・plundering of biological resources outside of the sanctuary
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Green tourism: experience of agricultural activities
・Visitors can experience agricultural life.
・Originally, an exchange between cities and agricultural
villages
・Aims to boost farmers’ incomes and foster farming
successors from cities
Planting in rice paddy
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Soba noodle-making
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Example of green tourism in Japan: Rural experience
・Rural communities receive school trips from cities.
・Students experience a variety of things in the natural
environment and culture.
…providing the opportunity for close contact with
nature and people, which nowadays has become difficult
to get in the city.
・Rewards of their instruction and accommodation fee
are directly paid to farmers, who conserve the agricultural
landscape. The money becomes precious income for the
farmers.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
http://www.yukidaruma.or.jp/taiken/
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Hiking in a forest
Cooking traditional food, oshizushi
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Harvesting rice paddy
Making ceramic art
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Green tourism as an industry
The number of visitors in ‘Rural experience in Echigo’,
which received the Green Tourism Award in 2005.
6000
60
The number of accepted people
The number of accepted groups
Rural experiences sometimes bring 100 million yen to the
local community per year.
50
40
30
20
10
0
1999
2001
2003
2005
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1999
2001
2003
2005
2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use
Mechanism of sustainable use of biodiversity
by Green tourism
financial support
farming successors
Visitor
Local community
Maintenance of agriculture
Training of successors
service (rapport)
knowledge
experience
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Environment
(Biodiversity)
artificial landscape
life and culture
Summary 2. Indirect use of biodiversity
 Indirect use means the utilization of biodiversity as a
‘place’ for sightseeing, relaxation, education, etc.
 Ecotourism and Green tourism can be methods by
which we can sustainably utilize biodiversity without
damage, resulting in effective conservation of
biodiversity.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Summary of Today’s Topics
How do human beings utilize biodiversity?
1. In direct use, we utilize different components of
biodiversity (the individual organs of a species, a species
itself, interspecific interactions and genes) for various
purposes, making wise use of each characteristic.
2. Not only direct use but also indirect use of biodiversity
brings us positive economic effects.
3. In both direct and indirect uses, we should pay attention to
the sustainable use of biodiversity.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Exercises
Let’s do the exercises below:
1. Mention examples of direct use of biodiversity in your own
daily life.
2. Mention examples of interaction between human beings
and organisms which are undesirable for us.
3. When we think about the mechanisms of sustainable use
of biodiversity, what should we take into consideration?
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Glossary
Attractant
Chemicals which act on an animal’s sensory organ(s) and attract it.
Defense chemical
Chemicals which are made by a plant to protect itself from injury or attack by
herbivores. There are several methods. Most plants accumulate poisonous
chemicals in their leaves. Some plants secrete information chemicals which call
forth the herbivore’s enemies when they are injured by herbivores.
Disturbance
External factors which destroy either the whole of or part of a present ecosystem,
for example, volcanic eruption, earthquake, fire or flood.
Mutualism
A kind of interspecific interaction in which all organisms within the interaction
increase their fitness.
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
References & Cited Websites
Tanaka, A. (2002)
Why are Japanese Forests Facing a Crisis? – New forestry report about
environment and economy. Heibonsha (In Japanese)
Rural experience in Echigo
http://www.yukidaruma.or.jp/taiken/
INBio (The National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica)
http://www.inbio.ac.cr/en/default.html
KINABALU PARK
http://www.sabahparks.org.my/pages/kinapark.html
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.
Authors & Credits
The Futurability of Biodiversity Chapter 6
How do human beings utilize biodiversity?
Authors
Mari Morino
Tatsuyuki Seino
Masahiro Aiba
Ayumi Onuma
Aya Hatada
Stewart Wachs
Martin Piddington
Application software
CutPRO3 Real tough. Animal and Insect version (Design Office Kyowa)
Microsoft PowerPoint®
Illustration & design
Be4°TECH
Koubou Ecoruka
Photos
Aya Hatada
Biodiversity Photos
Echigo-Matsunoyama Museum of Natural Science, ‘Kyororo’
Mari Morino
Masahiro Aiba
Michiko Nakagawa
Ryo Tsujino
Takakazu Yumoto
Tatsuyuki Seino
Tohru Nakashizuka
Yo-Ichiro Sato
Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.