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The Futurability of Biodiversity Chapter 6 How do human beings utilize biodiversity? Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. In review Biodiversity means not only species-richness but also diversities of various biological levels (ecosystems, species and genes), which interact with each other. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Today’s Topics 1. Direct use of biodiversity What kinds of methods do we have for utilizing organisms? 2. Indirect use of biodiversity What is ‘indirect use of biodiversity’? Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 1. Direct use of biodiversity What kinds of methods do we have for utilizing organisms? 1) What is ‘direct use’? 2) Examples of direct use Utilizing the individual organs of a species Utilizing the species itself Utilizing interspecific interactions Utilizing genetic variations Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 1. Direct use of biodiversity 1) What is ‘direct use’? Materials of clothes or tools ・coat/hide ・horn and bone ・fiber Useful components ・resin ・fiber ・aroma Wood ・log ・material of wood products ・wood for growing mushrooms Fuels ・firewood ・charcoal ・pine oil Fertilizer ・grass Foods wild vegetable, mushroom, animal meat Direct use: harvesting organisms and using as various materials Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use Utilizing the individual organs of a species Cherry tree Flower dye leaves trunk fruits Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use Utilizing the individual organs of a species Sheep wool (fibers) meat (food materials) Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. fur (mat) 1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use Utilizing the species itself Broad-leaved forest on Yaku Island, Japan Species Yaku Island uses Distryium sp. floor Quercus spp. (Q. myrsinaefolia, Q. phillyraeoides) Camellia sp. etc firewood chestnut (castanea crenata) food timber camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) repellent wood ear fungus food Difference in species = Difference in use Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. (See Chapter 7) 1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use Utilizing interspecific interactions Intercepting products/services Use as human food (honey) nectar pollination Use as pollinator of orchards We utilize rewards to maintain mutualisms and mutualistic interactions. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use Utilizing interspecific interactions Utilizing plants’ chemicals Synthesizing defense chemicals Human medicines ・quinine(medicine for malaria) ・colchicine(medicine for gout) Luxury goods ・nicotine(tobacco) ・caffeine(coffee, tea) herbivores Human poison ・aconitine(aconite) We utilize plants’ defensive chemicals against herbivores. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use Utilizing genetic variation Breeding of rice - We have improved on wild rice to make new varieties of cultivated rice which are suitable for daily consumption and resistant to diseases or inclement climates. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Photo: Yoichiro Sato 1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use Utilizing genetic variation Breeding by crossing - Crossing a variety which is suitable for daily consumption with one that is resistant to disease or inclement climates. Wild Improved variety (left) From wild relatives (right) Paddy in Edo period (17th-19th centuries), named Kokuryomiyako Modern paddies Varieties for cultivation have been changed repeatedly to acquire desirable characteristics by selection or artificial crossing among varieties, utilizing genetic variation. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Photos: Yoichiro Sato 1. Direct use of biodiversity 2) Examples of direct use Utilizing genetic variation Selecting mutant with desirable characteristics Artificial mutation mutant A suitable for daily consumption and resistant to severe climates mutant B not suitable for daily consumption and vulnerable to severe climates mutant C suitable for daily consumption but vulnerable to severe climates radiation mutagenic chemicals We carry out recombination of the genes artificially, and select the variety that has characteristics desirable for us. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Photo: Yoichiro Sato Column 1: Genetic modification (GM) Genetic modification Recombining genes of a variety which is resistant to diseases or inclement weather into those of a variety which has good flavor. This method can be applied to recombination among species which do not naturally breed, for example, recombining tomato genes into those of paddy (rice plants). Advantage: shortening the time needed to select a variety Examples of recombinant plants(features of recombined gene) Tomato which keeps fresh and firm for a long time (inhibiting the activity of enzyme which makes the fruit squishy) Soybean which does not die by weedkiller (having resistance to weedkiller) Potato which suffers little damage by insect pests (bacterial genes which are resistant to insect pests) Papaya which is resistant to viral disease (genes of virus itself) Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Column 1: Genetic modification (GM) Problems of Genetic modification 1. Food safety GM-plants have just been developed. We have not yet been convinced that GM-plants do no harm. 2. Impact on ecosystem GM-plants may bring gene contamination, evolution of new pathogens or weed species, as well as a variety of other impacts that we cannot predict. 3. Bioethical problems Species is the basic unit of organisms. GM disregards the basic unit. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Summary 1. Direct use of biodiversity Direct use means using organisms themselves by taking and processing them. We use various components of biodiversity (the individual organs of a species, the species itself, interspecific interactions and genes) for various purposes. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 2. Indirect use of biodiversity What kinds of methods do we have for places whose biodiversity is high? 1) What is ‘indirect use’? 2) Examples of indirect use Recreation Ecotourism Green tourism Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 1) What is ‘indirect use’? Biodiversity species interaction ecosystem gene High biodiversity itself is a resource. No organism is consumed as a resource. indirect use Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 1) What is ‘indirect use’? Various recreations …sometimes combined with direct use: fishing mushroom picking mountain climbing scuba diving hunting bird watching Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Sightseeing, relaxation and education Recreation Ecotourism Green tourism Nurturing culture(See Chapter 7) Religion Ritual Art Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Ecotourism Visitors study a fragile natural environment, its history and culture, through their travel experience, also taking responsibility for conserving the place. The higher its biodiversity, the more attractive it is for visitors. What is the difference between ‘ecotourism’ and ‘tourism’? 1. Devices which lower the burden on the environment ・assembling a small number of people ・traveling methods which are low-impact ・providing enriched programs 2. Environmental education ・visitors: explanation about the environment by special guide ・recipients: training guides, research about the place 3. Economic returns to local community ・employing local people in businesses concerned with sightseeing ・local people receive steady income based on biodiversity, thus do not plunder organisms in the place. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Example of ecotourism: Kinabalu Park in Borneo, Malaysia • an area of 75,370 ha • Mount Kinabalu (4,101 m at the summit) – placed on the UNESCO Natural World Heritage list in 2000 – popular among mountaineers – symbol of mountain worship for local people • high biodiversity in fauna and flora • Most visitors come from Malaysia, Europe, the U.S. and East Asia. Mt. Kinabalu Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Flower of rafflesia 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Contents of Ecotourism in Kinabalu Park • For mountaineers – They have a duty to accompany special guide. – They can study about the place from the guide’s explanations. • For visitors who walk within the park and children who belong to elementary school, junior high school, or high school – Interpretation staff explain the organisms and forest within the park. – Exhibition and education in the museum – Sale of books and VCDs Visitors in Kinabalu Park Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Accommodations in Kinabalu Park 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Environmental education in Kinabalu Park ・Delivering information about ecosystem, fauna and flora, especially endemic species and endangered species ・Providing information about present facilities and recreation programs conducted in the park ・Describing in detail the establishment of the park and its purpose ・Communicating research results to the public ・Managing research projects (Botany, Zoology, Entomology, Education, and Interpretation) ・Managing the exhibition room and programs in the park Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. http://www.sabahparks.org.my/pages/kinapark.html 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Example of ecotourism: Costa Rica National park and sanctuary (a quarter of the country) observation of forest canopy layer via gondola Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use INBio (The National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica) Main activities • Inventory • Monitoring • Conservation Sloth • Education • Sharing information about biodiversity Hummingbird Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. http://www.inbio.ac.cr/en/default.html 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Mechanism of sustainable use of biodiversity by Ecotourism financial support & employ Visitor service(ex. guiding) knowledge experience Local community change conservation resource use Scientist monitoring Environment (Biodiversity) biological resources life and culture Problems ・difficulty in the fair distribution of benefits among local people ・plundering of biological resources outside of the sanctuary Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Green tourism: experience of agricultural activities ・Visitors can experience agricultural life. ・Originally, an exchange between cities and agricultural villages ・Aims to boost farmers’ incomes and foster farming successors from cities Planting in rice paddy Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Soba noodle-making 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Example of green tourism in Japan: Rural experience ・Rural communities receive school trips from cities. ・Students experience a variety of things in the natural environment and culture. …providing the opportunity for close contact with nature and people, which nowadays has become difficult to get in the city. ・Rewards of their instruction and accommodation fee are directly paid to farmers, who conserve the agricultural landscape. The money becomes precious income for the farmers. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. http://www.yukidaruma.or.jp/taiken/ 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Hiking in a forest Cooking traditional food, oshizushi Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Harvesting rice paddy Making ceramic art 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Green tourism as an industry The number of visitors in ‘Rural experience in Echigo’, which received the Green Tourism Award in 2005. 6000 60 The number of accepted people The number of accepted groups Rural experiences sometimes bring 100 million yen to the local community per year. 50 40 30 20 10 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2. Indirect use of biodiversity 2) Examples of indirect use Mechanism of sustainable use of biodiversity by Green tourism financial support farming successors Visitor Local community Maintenance of agriculture Training of successors service (rapport) knowledge experience Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Environment (Biodiversity) artificial landscape life and culture Summary 2. Indirect use of biodiversity Indirect use means the utilization of biodiversity as a ‘place’ for sightseeing, relaxation, education, etc. Ecotourism and Green tourism can be methods by which we can sustainably utilize biodiversity without damage, resulting in effective conservation of biodiversity. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Summary of Today’s Topics How do human beings utilize biodiversity? 1. In direct use, we utilize different components of biodiversity (the individual organs of a species, a species itself, interspecific interactions and genes) for various purposes, making wise use of each characteristic. 2. Not only direct use but also indirect use of biodiversity brings us positive economic effects. 3. In both direct and indirect uses, we should pay attention to the sustainable use of biodiversity. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Exercises Let’s do the exercises below: 1. Mention examples of direct use of biodiversity in your own daily life. 2. Mention examples of interaction between human beings and organisms which are undesirable for us. 3. When we think about the mechanisms of sustainable use of biodiversity, what should we take into consideration? Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Glossary Attractant Chemicals which act on an animal’s sensory organ(s) and attract it. Defense chemical Chemicals which are made by a plant to protect itself from injury or attack by herbivores. There are several methods. Most plants accumulate poisonous chemicals in their leaves. Some plants secrete information chemicals which call forth the herbivore’s enemies when they are injured by herbivores. Disturbance External factors which destroy either the whole of or part of a present ecosystem, for example, volcanic eruption, earthquake, fire or flood. Mutualism A kind of interspecific interaction in which all organisms within the interaction increase their fitness. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. References & Cited Websites Tanaka, A. (2002) Why are Japanese Forests Facing a Crisis? – New forestry report about environment and economy. Heibonsha (In Japanese) Rural experience in Echigo http://www.yukidaruma.or.jp/taiken/ INBio (The National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica) http://www.inbio.ac.cr/en/default.html KINABALU PARK http://www.sabahparks.org.my/pages/kinapark.html Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Authors & Credits The Futurability of Biodiversity Chapter 6 How do human beings utilize biodiversity? Authors Mari Morino Tatsuyuki Seino Masahiro Aiba Ayumi Onuma Aya Hatada Stewart Wachs Martin Piddington Application software CutPRO3 Real tough. Animal and Insect version (Design Office Kyowa) Microsoft PowerPoint® Illustration & design Be4°TECH Koubou Ecoruka Photos Aya Hatada Biodiversity Photos Echigo-Matsunoyama Museum of Natural Science, ‘Kyororo’ Mari Morino Masahiro Aiba Michiko Nakagawa Ryo Tsujino Takakazu Yumoto Tatsuyuki Seino Tohru Nakashizuka Yo-Ichiro Sato Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.