* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download CH07_SU04
Survey
Document related concepts
Biodiversity wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Unified neutral theory of biodiversity wikipedia , lookup
Overexploitation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Fauna of Africa wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
CHAPTER 7: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY STRUCTURE SPECIES INTERACTION SUCCESSION SUSTAINABILITY Slide 1 TOPICS AND CONCEPTS CHAPTER 7 COMMUNITIES AND STRUCTURE ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY SPECIES TYPES IN COMMUNITIES SPECIES INTERACTIONS PLANT SUCCESSION STABILITY AND DISTURBANCE Slide 2 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Structure can be thought of as: Physical – for example the diameter of trees, canopy cover and layers of vegetation or tree partitioning by various animal species such as finches. Spatial patterns – populations dispersed randomly, clumped or uniformly. Biodiversity Abundance - the number of individuals of a species in an area Richness - the number of different species in an area which is a useful measure of the variety of ecological niches or genetic variation in a community. It decreases as we go from the equator towards the poles Genetic – gene frequency; number of alleles, etc. Habitat changes – frequency of habitat changes through a fixed distance Trophic level complexity – number of food chains (webs) in a system Number and types of services provided by natural capital – for example water purification Productivity (discussed in chapter 4, pp. 79-81) Slide 3 100 COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD'S TERRESTRIAL BIOMES 30 20 50 10 ft m Tropical rain forest Coniferous forest Deciduous forest Thorn forest Thorn scrub Tall-grass prairie Short-grass prairie Desert scrub Figure 7-2 Page 141 Slide 4 Species by latitude animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 5 WHAT AFFECTS BIODIVERSITY? LATITUDE? 1,000 Species Diversity Species Diversity 200 100 0 90ºN 100 10 60 30 0 Latitude 30ºS 60 80ºN 60 40 20 0 Latitude Figure 7-3 Page 142 Slide 6 Number of diatom species HOW DOES POLLUTION AFFECT DIVERSITY? Unpolluted stream Polluted stream Figure 7-4 Page 142 Number of individuals per diatom species Slide 7 Species diversity 0 100 Percentage disturbance Figure 7-13 Page 154 Slide 8 • THEORY OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY – diversity of isolated area is a function of: – Factors that influence diversity on islands are: • Size • Degree of isolation (distance from mainland) • Age of island – Species reach equilibrium where immigration rate equals extirpation rate (not extinction!!!) – Galapagos are a classic example of this. San Juans follow this model. What about the Hawaiian Island chain? Slide 9 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Rate of immigration or extinction High Low Equilibrium number Number of species on island Figure 7-5 (1) Page 143 (a) Immigration and extinction rates Slide 10 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Rate of immigration or extinction High Low Small island Large island Number of species on island Figure 7-5 (2) Page 143 (b) Effect of island size Slide 11 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Rate of immigration or extinction High Low Far island Near island Number of species on island Figure 7-5 (3) Page 143 (c) Effect of distance from mainland Slide 12 Area and distance effects interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 13 • SPECIES TYPES IN COMMUNITIES – – – – Keystone (flying fox) Indicator (amphibians) Exotic or invasive (Himalayan blackberry) Top predator (killer whales, lions, wolves) Slide 14 Adult frog (3 years) Young frog sperm Tadpole develops Into frog Sexual reproduction Tadpole Eggs Fertilized egg development Egg hatches Organ formation AMPHIBIANS ARE GOOD INDICATOR SPECIES Figure 7-6 Page 145 Slide 15 • SPECIES INTERACTIONS – Commensalism – Mutualism – Competition – Predation – Parasitism – role in macroevolution with the development of eukaryotic cell (predate, exploit to coexistence) Slide 16 Slide 17 Number of individuals © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning COMPETITION LEADS TO RESOURCE PARTITIONING Species 1 Species 2 Region of niche overlap Number of individuals Resource use Species 1 Species 2 Figure 7-7 Page 147 Resource use Slide 18 HERE THE RESOURCE PARTITIONED IS LOCATIONS ON THE TREE Figure 7-8 Page 148 Slide 19 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MIMICRY TO AVOID PREDATORS Span worm Wandering leaf insect Poison dart frog Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Bombardier beetle Hind wings of io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal Foul-tasting monarch butterfly When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake MIMICRY IS LOOKING OR ACTING LIKE OTHER SPECIES TO AVOID BEING EATEN. 2 TYPES ARE MULLERIAN AND BATESIAN Figure 7-9 Page 150 Slide 20 Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros Clown fish and sea anemone EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM Figure 7-10 Page 151 Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in normal soil Lack of mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in sterilized soil Slide 21 COMMUNITY DYNAMICS • PLANT SUCCESSION MODELS – The book gives primary and secondary models (a spectrum in reality). Primary succession is like cooking from scratch, secondary is when the structure is changed, but the ecosystem is able to rebuild from what is left. Plant invasion of cooling lava is a good example of primary; regeneration after fires is a good example of secondary. Three basic models more realistic (especially when stochastics are considered) are – Facilitation or relay floristics (Clemens vs. Gleason) – Inhibition – Competition • STABILITY – Persistence – resistance to being disturbed or altered – Constancy – ability to keep population numbers within limits imposed by available resources – Resilence – ability of community to recover after disturbance – Restoration (back to original form and function) vs. rehabilitation (fix it up and restore partial function. Slide 22 PRIMARY ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION FACILITATION (RELAY FLORISTICS) MODEL DEVELOPED BY CLEMENS Exposed Lichens rocks and mosses Small herbs and shrubs Heath mat Jack pine, black spruce, and aspen Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce climax community Time Figure 7-11 Page 152 Slide 23 SECONDARY ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Mature oak-hickory forest Young pine forest Annual weeds Perennial weeds and grasses Shrubs Time Figure 7-12 Page 153 Slide 24 THIS IS THE END OF CHAPTER 7 THE TEST WILL COME FROM THESE LECTURE SLIDES!!!!!! USE THE TEXT TO CLEAR UP POINTS OR TOPICS THAT ARE NOT CLEAR TO YOU. THANKS FOR STUDYING ENVIRNOMENTAL SCIENCE Slide 25