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Species
Interactions
Chapter 8 – Section 2
Habitat and Niche
 An organism’s habitat =
where it lives; its address
 An organism’s niche =
its role (job) in the environment
Species Interactions are….
all the relationships between the species in a
community….
5 major types of species interactions ….
 Competition
 Predation
 Parasitism
 Mutualism
 Commensalism
COMPETITION
COMPETITION … occurs when 2 organisms
(of the same or different species) attempt to
use the same resource
 Organisms compete for resources – which include…
1. food and water
2. habitat (or shelter)
3. mates
Why would these zebra compete with each other?
Why would they
complete with
other species ?
organisms that are more “fit” will survive to reproduce
and to pass on their traits to their offspring =
NATURAL SELECTION
“SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”
PREDATION
When one organism (PREDATOR) captures, kills,
and consumes another organism (PREY)
Predator – Prey Adaptations
Almost all organisms are vulnerable to
predation – therefore developing adaptations
that serve as defenses are an advantage…
Defenses against predators include…
 Camouflage
 Mimicry
 Warning Coloration
 Protective Coverings
CAMOUFLAGE
 When
When an organism’s
coloration
allows it to blend in with its
environment
MIMICRY
when a harmless species
resembles a venomous
or distasteful species
Warning Coloration
when an
organism’s
color
serves to warn
others that it is
poisonous or
distasteful
Protective Coverings
when an organism has a covering that
protects it from predators
Symbiotic Relationships
(or Symbioses)
exists when….2 members of a community live in
close association with one another
A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP is an association
in which one or both parties benefit
3 types of symbiotic relationships:
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
COMMENSALISM
 one species benefits, the other is unaffected
EXAMPLE–
barnacles on a whale
PARASITISM
 one species (host) is harmed while the
other organism (parasite) benefits
Example….
fleas and ticks
Some parasites are vectors…
organisms that carry
disease-causing microorganisms
from one host to another.
MUTUALISM
 both organisms benefit
EXAMPLE bacteria living in
human intestines
What type of symbiosis?
 Examine the following slides….
to determine if it shows….
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Acacia Plant
and Ants
 Ants protect
acacia from
grazing herbivores
 Acacia provides ants
with a place to live
and nectar (food)
Moray Eel with
Cleaner Shrimp
 Moray Eel gets….
a clean mouth

 Cleaner Shrimp gets….
a meal
Flower and a Honey Bee
 Flower gets
pollinated
by the bee
 Bee gets
nectar and
pollen from
the flower
Human Botfly and Mammals
A botfly lays its eggs on a
mosquito, when the
mosquito visits a mammal,
the larva fall off and burrow
into a host to complete
their development
Silverfish and
Army Ants
 A particular species of silverfish live
in the nests of army ants and eat their
refuse, without affecting the ants
Cape Buffalo with Egrets
 Cattle stir up
insects
 Egrets eat
insects from
cattle and
surroundings
Tapeworm and Human
 Worm infects the human body…..
Lichen : Fungus and Alga
 Fungi support
and protect the
algae, allowing
it to live in
areas usually
unsuitable to
algae
 Algae provide
food through
the process of
photosynthesis
Birds Nesting in a Tree
Vampire Finch
 The vampire finch feeds on
the blood of other birds
Vampire Finches …..
 Galapagos Islands
 feed on…blood of other birds, the blood of their own
dead, eggs and insects
 theorized that “vampire” behavior evolved from the
pecking behavior of finches cleaning parasites from
the plumage of other birds.
 also theorized that “vampire” behavior might have
evolved due to competition for food sources
Clown Fish with Anemone
 Clown fish seek refuge from predators amongst the tentacles of sea
anemones. Mucus on their skin protects them from the stinging anemones.
 The clownfish scare off butterfly fish (who eat anemones) and some scientists
speculate that clownfish waste may serve as a nutrient for the anemones.
Athlete’s Foot Fungus and Human
 Human gets…
 Fungus gets…
Insect Gall on Woody Plants
 Plant galls are abnormal growths of plant cells
formed in response to an insect‘s egg-laying, larvae
or nymph.
Coevolution
occurs when two organisms evolve (change) in
response to each other
Could this also be an
example of mimicry?
Geographic Isolation….
occurs when a population becomes separated by
changes in the environment and
often leads to the formation of new species
The species on the Galapagos Islands were “shaped”
as a result of geographic isolation.
vampire finch
 flightless cormorant
 marine iguana
 galapagos tortoise
