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Ecology The study of interactions Ecology Ecology: the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Some examples: 1. How the brightness of rose color affect the number of pollinators who visit the flower. 2. How atmospheric pressure affects the growth rate of chickweed. 3. The change in population size of aphids in an area where ladybugs have been introduced. Biotic Factor: the living part of the environment Abiotic Factor: the non-living parts of the environment Look at the picture and name the biotic factors. Now name the abiotic factors Levels of Organization in the Environment The lowest level in the organization is the organism. Organism: any living thing. Examples: – – – – – Fungus Dragonfly Dandelion Bacteria Prairie Dog – Toad Population – organisms living together and interbreeding A population of prairie dogs Community – collection of populations that interact. It Ecosystem- all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area Prairie (grassland) ecosystem: • dominated by grasses and other non-woody plants called forbs. • Result from interactions between precipitation, temperature, landforms, soil drainage, fire, plants, and animals Biosphere – all ecosystems on the planet. Habitat: where an organism lives What is the habitat for: –A bird? –A polar bear? –A salamander? –A raccoon? Niche: how an organism affects and uses its environment • What is the niche for an earthworm? • Eats organic matter in soil • Fertilizes soil as it burrows and defecates • Is eaten by centipedes, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals What is the niche for: –A bird? –An earthworm? –A polar bear? –A salamander? –A raccoon? What did the gangsta ecosystem say to it’s components? What up my niches!! Adaptation: any characteristic which helps an organism survive in its environment. Four adaptations of a bat: • Wings • Fur • Nursery colonies • Echolocation You are What You Eat Autotroph/producer: An organism that makes its own food. Plants and some other organisms make food from sunlight energy (photosynthesis) Heterotrophs/consumers: Organisms that get energy directly or indirectly from plants Types of heterotrophs: 1. Herbivore: organisms which feed only on autotrophs (plants). Examples: deer, rabbits, horses 2. Carnivores Organisms which feed only on other heterotrophs (animals). Examples: wolves, hawks, anteaters 3. Omnivores Organisms which feed on both plants and animals Examples: humans, bears, robins, raccoons Black rats are omnivores. They will eat grain, fruit, corn, insects and eggs. 4. Decomposers Animals which feed on decaying organic matter (rotting plants and animals). Examples: earthworms, fungus, some bacteria Mushrooms (right) and earthworms are decomposers 5. Scavengers Animals which feed on other animals which are already dead (scavengers don’t kill their own prey). Examples: hyena, crows, vultures, ants. Energy Flow through the Ecosystem Energy moves from the sun to plants to primary consumers (herbivores) to higher consumers (omnivores & carnivores). • A food chain shows the movement of energy through a system. Examples of food chains • • • • • Leaf caterpillar robin mosquito Clover deer wolf Minnow salmon bear Grass cow human Fly frog snake alligator Trophic Levels Each link in a food chain is a trophic level. –Autotroph (beginning of the chain) first trophic level. –Herbivore (eats the autotroph) second trophic level. –Carnivore (eats the herbivore) third trophic level. How many trophic levels? Rotting fruit Fly frog snake Which organism is at the second trophic level? Name the carnivores: What kind of organism is a fly? At which trophic level is the snake? Can anyone in this chain be an omnivore? Who is the highest order consumer in this chain? How many trophic levels? Clover deer wolf How many carnivores? How many autotrophs? Which is at the third trophic level? At which trophic level is the herbivore? Name the next link in the chain if the wolf dies and decomposes. Food Web A food web shows all the different food chains in an ecosystem. How many different food chains are in this web? • • • • How many food chains is the mosquito in? What is getting energy from the worm? How many autotrophs are in this web? Is the energy flowing from the alder to the deer, or from the deer to the alder? What kind of ecosystem would have a food web like this one? Which predators have the most sources of food in this web? What is at the beginning of each food chain in this web? Is the Herring a herbivore, an omnivore or a carnivore? How many food chains do you see here? What would happen if the snails were eliminated from this web? Energy Pyramid: Shows the movement of energy through an ecosystem • Bottom of the pyramid: 1st trophic level: Autotrophs/producers: the most energy is here. • Second trophic level: herbivores (first order consumers) are here. Some energy is lost. • Third trophic level: omnivores, small carnivores. More energy is lost. • Fourth trophic level: top carnivores and omnivores. The least amount of energy is here. Source of energy for the energy pyramid is The Sun! Energy is lost as it moves up the pyramid. The pyramid is like climbing steps: Energy is lost as you move up the stairs You have the most energy at the bottom You have the least energy at the top Because less energy is available to for the consumers at the top, there are less carnivores than plants. Pyramid Practice • • • • • • • • • • • Place the following species and terms in the correct location on the ecological pyramid: (This will be turned in) Rabbit • Carnivore Carrot plant • Herbivore Eagle • Producer Bear • Secondary Consumer Oats • Primary Consumer Deer • Tertiary Consumer Coyote • 2nd Trophic Level Snake • 3rd Trophic Level Omnivore • 1st Trophic Level Autotroph • 4th Trophic Level Least Energy • Most energy Use the following organisms to create a food web: rat, fox, human, cow, snake, corn, rabbit, hawk, grass Use a colored pencil or marker to identify one food chain in your web Create a menu for the organisms in this web that lists 2+ foods (appetizers, entrees, drinks, deserts) for each organism in your web. Each menu item should list the type of diet and the tropic level that it is intended to feed. Ex: – Fish stew with carrots and potatoes (feeds the omnivore at TL3) – Sunlight chips and dip (feeds the producer at TL1) Survival What helps species to survive? • Relationships with other species • Adaptations to that environment • Behaviors Relationships Which Help Survival • • Sometimes relationships between species help the survival of one or both species involved. Examples of relationships: 1. Predator-prey relationships 2. Symbiotic relationships • Mutualism • Parasitism • Commensalism Predator-Prey Relationships Example: cheetah (predator) & gazelle (prey) • Predator eats prey. • Both species benefit. • The predator gets energy from the prey • The prey populations are controlled by the predator. Sybiotic Relationships • Symbiotic relationships: close permanent associations between species. • Three kinds: 1. Mutualism: Both species benefit 2. Parasitism: One species benefits, the other is harmed 3. Commensalism: One species benefits, the other isn’t helped or harmed. Mutualism Both species will benefit from the relationship • The acacia tree and the ant – The ant defends the tree against predators and clears out competition – The tree provides home and nectar to the ant Mutualism • Gardenia thunbergia, a south African shrub, has fruits which never fall from the tree. • They are eaten by antelope and then the seeds are dispersed in the antelope dung. • Both the antelope and the shrub benefit. Gardenia thunbergia also has a mutualist relationship with the hawk moth, who moves from plant to plant, lapping nectar and pollinating the plant with its long tongue. Parasitism One species benefits (the parasite) and the other is harmed (the host). • Parasitism is common in flowering plants. • Mistletoe is a parasite. • This dwarf mistletoe is growing on a Jeffery Pine. Parasitism Dodder, a relative of mistletoe, steals moisture and nutrients from laurel sumac in California. • Cowbirds are nesting parasites • They lay eggs in the nests of other birds. • The larger cowbird babies outcompete the other nestlings for food, often causing the host babies to die. (Above) A huge cowbird chick shares the nest with a smaller sparrow chick. (Top right) A Vireo feeds her baby and a cowbird nestling. (Bottom right) Cowbird eggs in a thrush nest. Commensalism One species benefits, the other isn’t affected at all. The clownfish is protected from predators by the stinging tentacles of the anenome. It secretes a mucus which keeps it from being harmed by the poison itself. The anenome isn’t affected one way or another by the clownfish. Commensalism • Barnacles are crustaceans which attach to a stationary surface to live and feed. • Barnacles often attach to mollusks. • The barnacle gains a stable foothold, and the mollusk isn’t affected. Commensalism • The cattle egret perches on grazers, eating the insects disturbed during the grazing process. • The larger animal isn’t affected, but the egret benefits from an increased food supply. Match: (a) predator-prey (b) mutualism (c) Parasitism (d) commensalism (e) adaptation __ A student selects the same food as the student in front of them because the first student knows what is good to eat. __ A large brain allows students to learn biology __ One student cheats off of another student __ One student steals from another student __ Two students study together and help each other with difficult concepts __ A car drafts off of a truck on the interstate __ Students go fishing and have a fish fry Characteristics Which Help Survival • Adaptation: Characteristics that species develop over time which help them to survive in their environment. • Important adaptations: opposable thumb, prehensile tail, jointed appendages, four chambered heart… • Special types of adaptation: – Camouflage – Mimicry Adaptations Opposable thumb: thumb that allows grasping and holding Adaptations Prehensile tail: tail that can function as a fifth limb and allows animals to hang from branches Adaptations Jointed appendages: • Arms and legs which can bend • Function in walking, feeding, fighting and mating. • First developed in arthropods. Adaptations Four chambered heart: • Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood • Allows more oxygen to reach tissues. Camouflage • Any body structure or color which allows an animal to blend with its environment. • Camouflage helps animals hide from both predator and prey. A canyon frog camouflaged against a canyon wall Camouflage A rock ptarmigan camouflaged against the landscape A desert horned lizard in a sandy riverbed. Walking stick Praying mantis (R) Katydids; (below R) Geometrid moth; (below) Red Diamondback Rattlesnake (R) Crab spider; (Below R) Pipefish in eelgrass; (Below) Ambush Bug Camouflage Top left: Flatfish; Above left: Stone fish; Above right: Leafy Seadragon. Mimicry An animal mimics (copies) the appearance or behavior of a more dangerous or toxic species. Predators are fooled, and avoid both the venemous species and the mimic. A bluejay eats a monarch butterfly and then vomits. The monarch is toxic to the bluejay. The bluejay will avoid eating the monarch now. Monarch or Viceroy? In addition to avoiding the monarch, the blue jay will avoid eating the viceroy because it resembles the monarch. The jay can’t tell the difference. Behavior Behaviors Which Do Not Help Survival Behaviors Which Help Survival Two kinds of behaviors: – Innate Behavior: instinctive behavior animals are born with – Learned Behavior: behaviors animals develop after birth through experience Innate Behavior 1. Fight-or-flight: when confronted by danger, your heart speeds up, skin becomes sweaty and breath rate increases. 2. Territorial Behavior: Animals become aggressive defending their nest/territory. 3. Courtship/mating behavior: rituals in attracting a mate 4. Reflex: responses to environmental cues 5. Instinct: natural behaviors for particular situations (mothering, nursing) FightorFlight Territorial Behavior • Dogs/wolves mark trees with urine • Three-spined stickleback fish flash their red belly to other male fish. The other males respond by attacking or leaving. Courtship/mating • Male turkeys & peacocks spread a plume for females • The male spider captures a bug and wraps it into a silk web to present to the female as a gift Reflex • • • • Knee-jerk reflex Pulling your hand away from a hot object Gag reflex Frogs have insect detector cells in the retina of their eyes. When fly moves across their line of vision, their tongue jumps out and catches the insect. This end stinks? Instincts No! Instincts Instinct • Grey-lag goose hens roll eggs back to the nest if they roll out • Rabbits pull hair to line the nest before having a litter of babies. • Robins eat worms and then regurgitate into their offspring’s mouths to feed them. Learned Behaviors • • • • Habituation – getting used to a stimulus Conditioned response: learning by association. Imprinting: animals, at a certain critical time in their life, forms a social attachment with another object/animal Learning by trial and error Habituation • Horses exposed to frequent loud sounds will stop jumping • You hearing a clock ticking after being in the room for a few minutes. • People who live in the city eventually stop noticing the sounds of traffic Conditioned Response • When the bell rings, students run from the room. • When your dog hears you open the refrigerator, he comes to beg for scraps. Imprinting • Voice imprinting of a mother bat and her pup among millions of bat pups in a nursery colony • Imprinting of stripe patterns between zebra babies and moms • Ducks imprint and follow the first conspicuous object they see after birth Trial-and-Error • Trial-and-error helps Jackdaw birds to build better and better nests • Riding a bike • Mice learn to get more food by chewing through sacks of grain in a barn. Quiz • Get your clicker • Turn it on • Get ready to respond! Quiz Match: a) habituation b) trial-and-error c) Conditioned response d) imprinting 1.__ getting up when the alarm rings 2.__ a baby calf recognizing his mother’s moo 3.__ a hunting dog not being frightened by the firing of a gun after constant exposure 4.__ a monkey learns how to get ants by putting a stick inside an ant mound 5.__ not noticing a bracelet after wearing it all day 6.__ heron get better at fishing with experience Quiz (A) Innate (B) Learned 7.__ Cats arch their back and hiss when confronted by a dog 8.__ getting up when the alarm rings 9.__ Alligators dig a hole to lay their eggs in, and then cover up the eggs with sand 10.__ a monkey learns how to get ants by putting a stick inside an ant mound 11.__ not noticing a bracelet after wearing it all day 12.__ Your eyes will blink when something moves quickly towards them 13.__ Cats rub against objects and people to place their scent on things in their surroundings Quiz Match: a) fight-or-flight b) Territorial behavior c) Courtship behavior d) Instinct e) Reflex 14.__ A female rabbit tries to bite when people put their hand in the rabbit’s cage 15.__ Cats arch their back and hiss when confronted by a dog 16.__ Alligators dig a hole to lay their eggs in, and then cover up the eggs with sand 17.__ Your eyes will blink when something moves quickly towards them 18.__ Male frogs give a particular call when trying to find a mate 19.__ Your arms will cover your face when something is thrown at your head 20.__ Cats rub against objects and people to place their scent on things in their surroundings Quiz (A) Innate (B) Learned 21.__ A female rabbit tries to bite when people put their hand in the cage during nesting 22.__ a baby calf recognizing his mother’s moo 23.__ Male frogs give a particular call when trying to find a mate 24.__ Your arms will cover your face when something is thrown at your head 25.__ a hunting dog not being frightened by the firing of a gun after constant exposure 26.__ heron get better at fishing with experience a. Habituation b. Imprinting c. Instinct d. Reflex e. Trial and Error f. Conditioned Response g. Innate behavior 27.__Any behavior which an animal is born with 28. __Screaming when frightened 29.__Getting out of bed when the alarm rings 30.__Getting used to glasses on the nose so you don’t notice them 31.__Jerking a hand off a hot stove 32.__Getting better at algebra after doing practice problems 33.__An opossum plays dead when threatened by a predator 34.__Baby giraffes recognize mom by spot patterns 35.__A teenager gets better at driving a car while driving on learner’s permit Populations Population Growth Patterns* • Environmental conditions control population growth. • Lots of food, few predators, disease = rapid population growth. • Poor environment (pollution, draught, habitat loss…) = negative or slow population growth. Graphs show how populations change or maintain their size. J-shaped curve: • S-shaped curve: initial rapid population growth, and then a growth due to leveling out of population unlimited resources growth when there are just enough resources to maintain the population. S-shaped Curve 1. Growth of a yeast population in culture: after a period of exponential growth, the size of the population begins to level off and soon reaches a stable value. J-Shaped Curve 1. Human population growth from 10,000 B.C. until the present day Other Kind of Curves When two species are cultured together, the less successful species will decline. The more successful species population will increase until the food source runs out, then it will also decline. • • • • • Lemmings = small Arctic rodents population explosions every 3 to 5 years. When population peak, lemmings migrate. When they come to a stream they jump in and swim across. Unfortunately, when they reach the ocean, they do the same and die in the sea. • Two frog populations on St. George’s island. • One was barely successful due to limited food supply • The other was very successful for about 20 years until a parasite wiped its food source • Snowshoe Hare and Canadian Lynx are dependent upon each other. The population of the hare is almost always greater than the population of the lynx. When hare populations are successful, the lynx population grows in response due to abundant food. As lynx populations grow, hare populations suffer, causing lynx populations to suffer also. Things affecting population size: Limiting factor: anything which prevents rapid population growth. Two kinds: – Density dependent factors: biotic things affect population size. Examples: disease, famine, competition for resources and nesting sites – Density independent factors: abiotic things which affect population size. Examples: earthquake, flooding, fire Carrying capacity Carrying capacity is when the environment has just enough resources to maintain the current population size. In this graph of yeast grown in a culture, the culture was exposed to heat and all the yeast died. Was the limiting factor density dependent or density independent? In this graph, a population of osprey grew until they ran out of nesting sites. The population leveled out at that time. 1. What was the limiting factor? 2. Was it density dependent or independent? 3. Which part of the graph shows where the population reached carrying capacity? This graph shows a population of field mice. 1. 2. 3. What happened to the population near the end of the graph? Name three possible density dependent limiting factors which may have caused this decline (other than what was named in the notes). Name three density independent factors which may have caused this decline (not the ones listed in the notes) Comparing J-curves and S-curves 1. Which of the graphs shows that there were limiting factors? 2. Which of the graphs shows carrying capacity? 3. Does the s-shaped graph show limiting factors? 4. What do you think will happen to the J-shaped curve, given enough time? Test Practice 1. A. B. C. D. 2. A. B. C. D. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. 5. A. B. C. D. 6. A. B. C. D. 7. A. B. C. D. 8. A. B. C. D. 9. 10. A. B. C. D. 11. 12. A. B. C. D. 13. 14. 15. A. B. C. D. 16. 17. A. B. C. D. 18. 19. A. B. C. D. 20. 21. A. B. C. D. 22. A. B. C. D. 23. A. B. C. D. 24. 25. A. B. C. D. 26. A. B. C. D. 27. 28. A. B. C. D. 29. 30. 31. 32. A. B. C. D. 33. 34. A. B. C. D. 35. 36. A. B. C. D. 37. 38 A. B. C. D. 39. 40. A. B. C. D. 41. 42. A. B. C. D. 43. 44. A. B. C. D. 45. 46. A B C D 47. 48. A. B. C. D. 49. 50. A. B. C. D. 51. 52. A. B. C. D. 53. 54 A. B. C. D. 55. A. B. C. D. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.