Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Number of species
Document related concepts
Unified neutral theory of biodiversity wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Fauna of Africa wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Durian Flying fox Smells Like Hell, Taste Like Heaven? – YouTube Bizarre Foods (Asia) [part 6] LAST PART – YouTube ANGRY BOB CONQUERS THE DURIAN FRUIT – YouTube FRUIT BAT – YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FK9tW T5pA4 Flying fox bat fighting a Python – YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=l 7K5dhiuYT4&feature=endscreen Keystone Species in Tropical Forests What is the niche of the flying fox? Mutualism What happens if the flying fox becomes extinct? Key Concepts Community structure Roles of species Species interactions Changes in ecosystems Stability of ecosystems Biodiversity Can be changed by three things: Latitude Depth Pollution 1,000 200 Species Diversity Species Diversity 1. Latitude 100 100 0 90ºN 60 30 0 30ºS 60 Latitude 10 80ºN 60 40 20 0 Latitude Fig. 7-3 p. 142 http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/ecosystems/ecology.html Depth – diversity decreases with increasing ocean water depth Coral reefs Coastal areas Open oceans Deep ocean Hydrothermal vents Number of diatom species 3. Pollution - Changes in Diversity and Abundance of Diatom Species Unpolluted stream Polluted stream Number of individuals per diatom species Fig. 7-4, p. 142 Community Structure Physical appearance Species diversity or richness Species abundance Niche structure Parking lot community C. Species Equilibrium Model © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Rate of immigration or extinction High Low Equilibrium number Number of species on island (a) Immigration and extinction rates Fig. 7-5a, p. 143 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Rate of immigration or extinction High Low Small island Large island Number of species on island (b) Effect of island size Fig. 7-5b, p. 143 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning High Immigration (near island) Rate of immigration or extinction Extinction Immigration (far island) Low Far island Near island Number of species on island Effect of distance from mainland Fig. 7-5c, p. 143 Island biogeography animation Area and distance effects interaction. Click to view animation. D. The Ecological Niche Niche - conditions and resources influence the maintenance, growth, and reproduction of organisms practically it is not possible to describe all conditions and resources that influence an organism, so ecologist focus on the most important niche parameters. for example: temperature may be the most important niche parameter for a plant growing at the northern limit of the range. © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP 1. Fundamental vs. Realized Niche a. fundamental niche: the full range of conditions and resources that an organism could theoretically use in the absence of competition with other species. b. realized niche: the portion of the fundamental niche that an organism actually occupies; actual range of conditions and resources that an organism uses. © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP 2. Generalists vs. Specialists a. generalists have broad niches; b. specialists have narrow niches Examples? © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP E. General Types of Species 1. Native species – species that normally live and thrive in an ecosystem 2. Non-native species (exotic, alien, introduced) – species that migrate into ecosystem, or are deliberately or accidentally introduced by humans, some beneficial, others thrive and out-compete native species General Types of Species cont’d a. Introduced species – see above b. Invasive species – non-native species that has become a pest Fire Ants 3. Keystone species – role is important, more so than their abundance or biomass Flying Fox 4. Indicator species – serve as an early warning sign of damage to community or ecosystem. Birds, insects, amphibians Life Cycle of a Frog-indicator species Adult frog (3 years) Young frog sperm Tadpole develops Into frog Sexual reproduction Tadpole Eggs Fertilized egg development Egg hatches Organ formation Fig. 7-6, p. 145 F. Species Interactions: 1. Competition a. Intraspecific competition - same species b. Interspecific competition -diff. species same resource Resource Partitioning of Warbler Species Fig. 7-8, p. 148 Resource Partitioning Species with similar resource requirements can coexist because they use limited resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places. For example, specialized feeding niches of various birds of coastal wetland enable coexistence of many species. Fig. 9–4a © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP c. Resource Partitioning and Niche Specialization Fig. 7-7, p. 147 Species interactions-Symbiosis Competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Research Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Invasive species Native species Indicator species Keystone species f. Competitive Exclusion Principle Gause's competition experiment interaction. Click to view animation. 2. Species Interactions: Predation Predator Prey c. Prey acquisition – 2 types d. Predator avoidance e. Defense Avoiding or Defending Against Predators Avoidance Defense Escape Chemical warfare Senses Armor Camouflage Safety in numbers Mimicry Both Behavioral strategies Warning coloration p. 169 How Species Avoid Predators Span worm Wandering leaf insect Poison dart frog Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Bombardier beetle Hind wings of io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal Foul-tasting monarch butterfly When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake 3. Species Interactions: Parasitism Parasite Host Dangers of parasites Importance of parasites 4. Species Interactions: Mutualism a. Examples Pollination Nutritional Gut inhabitants Protection Rhizobium and legumes 5. Species Interactions: Commensalism Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other Symbiosis Species 1 Sp. 2 + - + Mutualism & Synergism - Predation & Parasitism Competition 0 Commensalism Amensalism 0 Neutralism APES Chapter 7 Community Ecology Part 2 What is a bee’s niche? YouTube - NATURE | Silence Of The Bees | Online Exclusive | PBS Diversity Succession. Animation. G. Ecological Succession Process in which communities of plant and animals species are replaced over time by a series of different communities Enchanted Rock Two kinds of Succession 1. Primary succession - begins with a lifeless area where there is no soil (ex. bare rock). Soil formation begins with lichens or moss. 2. Secondary succession - begins in an area where the natural community has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, but soil or bottom sediments remain. 1. Primary Succession 1. Primary Ecological Succession Fig. 7-11 p. 152 Click here for animation 2. Secondary Ecological Succession Fig. 7-12, p. 153 Succession 3. Pioneer species pioneer community 4. Equilibrium species 5. Successional species = pioneer & equilibrium species 6. Climax species climax community (Number of species) Mechanisms of Succession Both primary and secondary succession are driven by three mechanisms: • facilitation: a process by which an earlier successional species makes the environment suitable for later successional species; e.g., legumes fixing nitrogen can enable later successional species; • inhibition: a process whereby one species hinders the establishment and growth of other species; e.g., shade of late successional trees inhibits the growth of early successional trees; • tolerance: a process whereby later successional species are unaffected by earlier successional species. © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP 6. Effects on Succession and Species Diversity a. Disturbance b. Intermediate disturbance hypothesis Harvester ant mound Species diversity 6 b. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 0 100 Percentage disturbance Fig. 7-13, p. 154 7. How Predictable is Succession? Climax community “Balance of nature” Unpredictable struggle Ecologists’ views H. Ecological Stability and Sustainability 1. Stability 2. Inertia 3. Persistence 4. Constancy 5. Resilience 6. Species diversity and ecosystem stability 7. Precautionary principle I. Depletion of Resources in the Western Hemisphere Click here for animation Grizzly bear NORTH AMERICA Eastern cougar St. Lawrence beluga whale Humpback whale More than 60% of the Pacific Northwest Spotted coastal forest has Fish catch in the north-west Atlantic has fallen owl been cut down Black42% since its peak in 1973 40% of North America’s footed Florida Chesapeake Bay is overfished and polluted panther range and cropland ferret California Manatee has lost productivity Kemp’s condor Much of Everglades National Park has dried out ridley and lost 90% of its wading birds Hawaiian turtle monk seal Golden Coral reef destruction Half of the forest toad in Honduras and Every year 14,000 Nicaragua has Columbia has square kilometers of disappeared lost one-third of Mangroves rain forest is destroyed its forest cleared in the Amazon Basin in Equador for Black lion shrimp ponds tamarin PACIFIC SOUTH Little of Brazil’s OCEAN AMERICA Atlantic forest ATLANTIC remains OCEAN Southern Environmental degradation Chile’s rain forest is threatened Vanishing biodiversity Endangered species 6.0 or more children per woman Fig. 7-14a, p. 156 I. Depletion of Resources in the Western Hemisphere Click here for animation Poland is one of the world’s most polluted countries Imperial eagle EUROPE Many parts of former Soviet Union ASIA are polluted with industrial and radioCentral Asia from the active waste Middle East to China has lost 72% of range Giant panda and cropland Area of Aral Sea has Snow leopard Shrunk 46% Japanese timber imports are responsible for much of the world’s tropical deforestation Mediterranean 640,000 square kilometers Saudi south of the Sahara have Arabia Deforestation in the Himalaya Asian Liberia turned to desert since 1940 causes flooding in Bangladesh elephant Oman Kouprey Eritrea Mali AFRICA Yemen 90% of the coral reefs India and Ethiopia Burkina Niger are threatened in the Sri Lanka Philippines. All virgin Faso Benin Chad Golden have almost Sierra forest will be gone Nigeria tamarin no rain Leone Togo by 2010 Congo Uganda forest left Sao Tome Rwanda Somalia In peninsular Malaysia Queen Alexandra’s 68% of the Burundi almost all forests have Birdwing butterfly Congo’s Angola been cut Indonesia’s rain forest Zambia coral reefs are is slated Nail-tailed INDIAN OCEAN threatened wallaby for cleaning Aye-aye Fish catches in and AUSTALIA Black Southeast Atlantic mangrove have dropped by more rhinoceros Madagascar has Much of forests lost 66% of its than 50% since 1973 Australia’s have been tropical forest range and cut in half cropland have turned to desert Blue whale A thinning of the ozone layer occurs over Antarctica during summer ANTARCTICA Fig. 7-14b, p. 157 Random Sampling lab Groups of 2-3 people Materials: Scissors Paper Ruler Two containers Pencil Calculator
