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Community Interactions Remember…it’s the INTERACTIONS that are important in ecology! Compare and Contrast Species Population Community Definitions Species: A class of individuals having common characteristics (ex. Mankind, cats etc.) Population: the number of individuals that occupy a certain area. (ex. People in Wilmington) Community: Different species interacting together in a certain environment (ex. Plants, squirrels, and fox) Competition Same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time resource = necessity of life (water, nutrients, light, food, space) Community Interactions No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time Direct competition in nature often results in winner and loser – losing organism fails to survive Food Chain A food chain is a food pathway that links different species in a community. In a food chain, energy and nutrients are passed from one organism to another. A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. i.e. Wheat mouse snake hawk Food Chain Example Food Chains rarely contain more than six species because amount of energy passed on diminishes at each stage, or trophic level. The longest chains usually involve aquatic animals. In a food chain, an animal passes on only about 10 percent of the energy it receives. The rest is used up in maintaining it's body, or in movement, or it escapes as heat. Food Chain Food Web • • • A community of living things may contain hundreds or even thousands of different species. Each species is usually involved in several different food chains. Different food chains often interconnect to form a large network, called a food web. Food Web Trophic Levels A trophic level of an organism is the position it holds in a food chain. 1. Trophic level 1are primary producers or autotrophs 2. Trophic level 2 is herbivores (organisms that eat primary producers) - organisms at this level are also called primary consumers. 3. Trophic level 3 is predators that eat herbivores - organisms at this level are also called secondary consumers. 4. Trophic level 4 is predators that eat secondary consumers. Tertiary consumers 5. Trophic level 5 is predators that eat secondary consumers/tertiary consumers Decomposers (such as bacteria) start the cycle again. Trophic Levels Each step in a food chain or food web 1st level = producers 2nd, 3rd, or higher levels = consumers Usually no more than 5 levels because 90% of energy is lost at each level. PREDATOR An animal that hunts and kills animals for food • • The term predator usually refers to animals that catch and kill. They have special adaptations to help them find and catch their food. These include good vision, a keen sense of smell, or strong legs for rapid movement. PREY Prey are animals that are lower on the food chain that are eaten by predators. Prey also have special adaptations to help them survive the attack of their predators. Camouflage helps them blend in, sharp senses warn them of attack, and speed allows them to escape. Write if the organism is a producer, consumer or decomposer. Tell what trophic level they are at as well. Organism Type Trophic Level Human Deer Pine Tree Bear Rabbit Bacteria Organism Mouse Snake Wheat Maggot Bluegrass Hawk Type Trophic Level Organism Millipede Trout Sparrow Cat Frog Algae Type Trophic Level Draw a Food Chain Draw a food chain with the organisms you worked with above. Try to make your food chain with at least 5 organisms. If you want to you can also work with other animals you can think of to make your food chain Example of a Food Chain Biotic Are living things in an environment that interact with non-living. What are some biotic things that could be an environment? Plants and animals Why are these important to have an environment? Abiotic Are the non-living factors in an environment. What are some non-living things that should be in an environment? Temperature, rocks and minerals, water How could these factors affect the environment? Biological Interactions Symbiosis-is a close ecological relationship between the individuals of two (or more) different species. Sometimes a symbiotic relationship benefits both species, sometimes one species benefits at the other's expense, and in other cases neither species benefits. Biological interaction types Mutualism -- both species benefit • Commensalism -- one species benefits, the other is unaffected • Parasitism -- one species benefits, the other is harmed • Aquatic Food Web Energy & Matter in an Ecosystem Other Community Interactions Predation Symbiosis Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Predation One organism captures and feeds on another organism Predator – the one killing and eating Prey – the food herbivory is a form of predation Symbiosis When two species live close together. Three types: Parasitism – one is harmed (host), one benefits (parasite) Mutualism – both benefit Commensalism – one is neutral, one benefits Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism 1. When one or more species attempts to use the same ecological resource in the same place at the same time. 9% 4% te m ec os ys tit io om pe C om m un ity n 0% C D. tio n C. pu la B. Population Community Competition ecosystem Po A. 87% 2. No two species can ____ 5% ... sa th e w e ui re eq R C om pe te th up y cc 0% o. .. ith sa m e f.. m ... . 0% O D. sa C. 95% tt he B. Eat the same food Occupy the same niche Compete with one another Require the same resources Ea A. 3. A way of showing a food pathway that links different organisms in a series of steps is a: 73% om bi Fo od py ag ni fic at i.. ra m id w eb od Fo 0% . 5% ai n D. 23% ch C. od B. Food chain Food web Food pyramid biomagnification Fo A. 4. When species are involved in several different food chains that are interconnected to form a large network. 100% at i.. om bi B io d iv e ag ni fic rs i w eb od Fo 0% . 0% ty 0% ai n D. ch C. od B. Food chain Food web Biodiversity biomagnification Fo A. 5. In a food chain only about ___% of energy is passed to the next organism. 100% % 0% 20 % 0% 30 0% % D. 10 C. % B. 50% 10% 30% 20% 50 A. 6. An animal that hunts and kills other organisms for food. 5% 0% rb i he uc er vo re 0% Pr od D. at or C. 95% Pr ed B. Prey Predator Producer herbivore Pr ey A. 7. A person with lice is an example of: m 0% fu lis lis m sa om m en C M ut ua lis m 0% aw 0% m D. iti s C. 100% ris B. Parisitism Mutualism Commensalism awfulism Pa A. 8. When a hummingbird gets nectar from a flower. 19% 5% 0% om is m lis m aw es sa om m en C M ut ua lis m m D. iti s C. 76% ra s B. Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism awesomism Pa A. 9. Barnacles attach to whales and create their home there. This does not harm or affect the whale. 9% s os i m bi sy iti s ra s Pa om m en sa lis m m 0% m D. 27% C C. 64% ut ua lis B. Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism symbiosis M A. 10. T or F Herbivory is a form of predation. 86% ls e 14% fa B. True false Tr ue A.