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Chapter 50 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere PowerPoint TextEdit Art Slides for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecology and Evolution are closely related • Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms & the environment • Events that occur in ecological time (minutes, months, and years) translate into effects over evolutionary time (decades, centuries, millennia, etc) • Example: predator/prey relationships Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 50.2 Distribution and abundance of the red kangaroo in Australia is affected by abiotic and biotic factors Kangaroos/km2 > 20 10–20 5–10 1–5 0.1–1 < 0.1 Limits of distribution Southern Australia has cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. Climate in northern Australia is hot and wet, with seasonal drought. Red kangaroos occur in most semiarid and arid regions of the interior, where precipitation is relatively low and variable from year to year. Southeastern Australia has a wet, cool climate. Tasmania Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 50.3 Examples of questions in different subfields of ecology (a) Organismal ecology. How do humpback whales select their calving areas? (e) Landscape ecology. To what extent do the trees lining the drainage channels in this landscape serve as corridors of dispersal for forest animals? Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings (b) Population ecology. What environmental factors affect the reproductive rate of deer mice? (c) Community ecology. What factors influence the diversity of species that make up a particular forest? (d) Ecosystem ecology. What factors control photosynthetic productivity in a temperate grassland ecosystem? Figure 50.6 Flowchart of factors limiting geographic distribution Species absent because Yes Dispersal limits distribution? No Area inaccessible or insufficient time Behavior limits distribution? Yes Habitat selection Yes No Biotic factors (other species) limit distribution? No Predation, parasitism, Chemical competition, disease factors Water Abiotic factors limit distribution? Oxygen Salinity pH Soil nutrients, etc. Temperature Physical Light factors Soil structure Fire Moisture, etc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 50.7 Spread of breeding populations of the greattailed grackle in the United States from 1974 to 1996 New areas occupied Year 1996 1989 1974 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 50.15 The distribution of major aquatic biomes 30N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Continental shelf 30S Key Lakes Rivers Estuaries Coral reefs Oceanic pelagic zone Intertidal zone Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abyssal zone (below oceanic pelagic zone) Figure 50.16 Zonation in aquatic environments Intertidal zone Neritic zone Littoral zone Limnetic zone 0 Oceanic zone Photic zone 200 m Continental shelf Pelagic zone Benthic zone Photic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone 2,500–6,000 m Abyssal zone (deepest regions of ocean floor) (a) Zonation in a lake. The lake environment is generally classified on the (b) Marine zonation. Like lakes, the marine environment is generally basis of three physical criteria: light penetration (photic and aphotic classified on the basis of light penetration (photic and aphotic zones), zones), distance from shore and water depth (littoral and limnetic zones), distance from shore and water depth (intertidal, neritic, and oceanic and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic zone). zones), and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic and abyssal zones). Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 50.17 Aquatic Biomes LAKES An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton, Wyoming A eutrophic lake in Okavango delta, Botswana Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings WETLANDS Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve Georgia STREAMS AND RIVERS A headwater stream in the Great Smoky Mountains The Mississippi River far form its headwaters Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ESTUARIES An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia INTERTIDAL ZONES Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings OCEANIC PELAGIC BIOME Open ocean off the island of Hawaii CORAL REEFS A coral reef in the Red Sea Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings MARINE BENTHIC ZONE A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community CORAL REEFS MARINE BENTHIC ZONE A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community A coral reef in the Red Sea Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 50.19 The distribution of major terrestrial biomes 30N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30S Key Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Tundra Temperate grassland High mountains Temperate broadleaf forest Polar ice Coniferous forest Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 50.20 Terrestrial Biomes TROPICAL FOREST A tropical rain forest in Borneo DESERT The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SAVANNA A typical savanna in Kenya CHAPARRAL An area of chaparral in California Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings TEMPERATE GRASSLAND Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota CONIFEROUS FOREST Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FOREST Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina TUNDRA Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings