Download OBJ 3

Biology Objective 3
Demonstrate an understanding of the
interdependence of organisms and the
environment.
Biomes
Identified by biotic and abiotic factors
• Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it.
• Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil
type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature
cycles.
Temperate Desert
Forest
Name
Tundra
Grasslands
the
Biome
Tropical
Tiaga
Rainforest
All energy on the earth comes
from the sun.
18 Energy used by producers in a
grassland food web is provided byF sunlight
G photosynthesis
H oxygen
J carbon dioxide
Energy Diagrams
At one end of the diagram are plants.
They are called producers since they
are capable of turning sunlight into
food by photosynthesis. They pass
10% of the energy they absorb to
animals that eat them.
Consumers
1st Order Consumers eat
only plants and are also
called herbivores.
2nd Order Consumers eat
only animals and are
called carnivores.
3rd Order Consumers
animals that eat other
animals, they are also
known as carnivores
39 Wolves and hawks are at the same Trophic
trophic level
level
because they —
Means 1st ,
A both live on land
2nd or 3rd
B are both large mammals
Order
C both eat primary consumers
Consumer
D have similar hunting patterns
10% Energy Rule –
Only 10% of the energy moves up to
the next trophic level.
Decomposers
If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of
43 Approximately how much
the 1000 kcal of the plant is
of the energy available in the
consumed or 100 kcal, and 10%
tissues of the producer is
of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of
eventually incorporated into
the original 1000kcal, but only 3
the tissues of a secondary
kcal is available to the tissues so
consumer?
it is A.
A Less than 1%
B Between 20% and 30%
C Approximately 50%
D More than 50%
Food Chain – One of many
feeding relationships in a
community
• Arrows in a food chain
show the direction of
energy flow.
• This is not the only
feeding relationship
for these organisms.
• When several or all of
the food relationships
are shown it’s a . . .
Food Web
Food Webs
• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the
direction of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every chain
is a plant. These are the only things that can
turn sunshine into food.
Since the Gulls are at the
top of the food web, they
would have the highest
accumulation of everything
but energy.
37 Which of these groups of
organisms would most likely
have accumulated the largest
concentration of a long-lasting
chemical pollutant in their
bodies?
A Phytoplankton
B Zooplankton
C Lake trout
D Gulls
• Prey are the animals
that are eaten as a food
source for the . . .
• Predator This is the
hunter animal. The
population of the
predator must be less
than the prey or they
do not have enough
food.
Population (100s)
Predator and Prey
Time (months)
Prey
Predator
Water Cycle
• Precipitation (rain
and snow) fall on
plants and ground.
• Plants respire and
evaporate water
back into clouds.
• The ground filters
the water run-off
into the lakes
where it
evaporates again.
21 The diagram
shows physical
changes that
occur in the water
cycle. Which of
these shows
condensation?
A Q Precipitation
B R Run Off of
ground water
C S Evaporation
DT
Carbon Cycle
• Glucose C6H12O6 is
produced by plants,
eaten by animals.
Photosynthesis
• Animals and plants
exhale CO2 which is
taken in by plants to
make glucose
Cellular Respiration
Nitrogen Cycle
• Lightening and bacteria in the ground “fix”
Nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
• It is absorbed by plants, through their roots
as nitrates, so they can be used to build
amino acids essential for building proteins,
enzymes and the nitrogen bases of DNA.
Nitrogen Cycle
Rock Cycle
Evolution:
The process of change over time.
• There are natural variations in all populations.
• As climate changes occur, and as pressures in
terms of food, space, shelter and predation
occur, some variations allow a species to
survive.
• The members who survive, reproduce causing
the change to become a characteristic of the
species.
Speciation:
Separation into new species.
• Geographic isolation
can cause two
different natural
variations to become
prominent causing 2
separate species.
• Reproductive isolation
can have the same
effect.
What is extinction and what causes it?
• A population is extinct when the last of that species is
dead.
• Example: There are no more dinosaurs.
• What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When
they no longer have what they need to live, they die.
Fossils
• These are imprints or
remains of living things.
• In undisturbed layers of
sedimentary rock, the
deeper it is, the older it
is.
• Give us information
about extinct species.
Homologous vs. Analogous Structures
• Homologous means they • Analogous means they
have the same origin, but
have the same function but
may be different now.
come from different
origins.
• Example, the upper arm
bones in dogs, cows, cats • Example, bird wings and
and monkeys.
wings of bats.