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Chapter 27
Behavior

Stimulus - any kind of signal, or change in the
environment
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Response - specific reaction to a stimulus
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innate behavior - instinct, inborn behavior
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Genetic
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All members of a
species will exhibit the
behavior
fully functional when
performed first time
Ex: spider spinning
web, nest building in
birds, human smile
learned behavior: acquired behavior
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4 types of learning
1. habituation - animal
decreases or stops its
response to a repeated
stimulus that neither
rewards nor harms
classical conditioning: animal makes a mental
connection between a stimulus and reward
2
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Ex: Pavlov’s dogs
Operant conditioning: animal learns to behave in a certain
way to receive an award (or to avoid punishment)
3
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trial and error learning
may begin with a random event resulting in a reward
Ex: Skinner box, gambling, grades, paycheck
insight learning (reasoning): most complex type
of learning
4
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Use learned information to solve a new problem
Ex: making & using tools, math, etc…
Intelligence of Crows
Joshua Klein: Intelligence of Crows
Patterns of Behavior: behavioral
cycles
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migration: movement
from one place to
another, then back
again
influenced by the
seasons
Patterns of Behavior: behavioral cycles
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Circadian rhythms: behavioral cycles that
occur in daily patterns
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Ex: daily sleeping pattern
Man’s sleep-waking cycle seldom runs exactly 24 hours: An
English cave expert who spent 105 days alone underground found
that he tended to fall asleep a little later every night; his internal
“day” averaged 24.7 hours. In some cases, the cycle can be
experimentally reset to a slightly different period. Nathaniel
Kleitman, an American expert who has studied sleep from many
standpoints, proved this during a stay of several weeks in Mammoth
Cave, Kentucky, with an associate, Bruce Richardson. The two
scientists put themselves on a 28-hour day for 32 days. Their body
temperatures, which seem to be the most useful index of the body’s
circadian changes, were recorded at frequent intervals.
Richardson adjusted to the abnormal days with no difficulty; his
temperature regularly hit a peak during waking hours and a trough
while he slept. Kleitman’s body, however, clung stubbornly to its 24hour-day cycle; as a result, he was frequently sleepy and irritable
during the day and restless at night.
Patterns of Behavior: behavioral cycles

Courtship: individual
sends stimuli (visual,
sounds, pheromones,
etc…) to attract a mate
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Ex: fireflies, moths
Ritual: done by all
members of a species
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For species recognition
Helps female select a mate
Ex: bowerbirds, spiders
Social Behavior: group behavior
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Strength in numbers
Division of labor
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ex: bees, wasps,
termites, humans &
other primates,
mammals, etc…
prisoner’s dilemma
society: group of closely related
animals of the same species that
work together for the benefit of
the group
Tai Chimp video
xenophobia: fear of strangers or foreigners
ethnocentrism: the belief that one's own race or
ethnic group is the most important and that
some or all aspects of its culture are superior to
those of other groups.
Milgram shock experiment
Stanford prison experiment
Territory: area occupied & protected
by individual or group
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Area contains limited
resources
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food, water, etc…
Ex: many mammals
are territorial
Aggression: threatening behavior
used to gain control
Used to:
•defend territory
•determine hierarchy
•predation
Communication: pass information
from one individual to another
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Visual: used by animals with
good vision
 ex: birds
Chemical: information
passed through smell
 ex: pheromone
Sound: information passed
through noise
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ex: crickets, frogs, birds,
whales
language: most complex form
of communication
ant trail simulation
TED: marine
imprinting: young animals learn to recognize
and follow a moving object (mother)
dormancy: period of inactivity
•hibernation: during winter
•ex: bear (7 months)
•aestivation: during summer
•ex: the water-holding frog (Cyclorana platycephala)
genetic behavior
Bee Care-Taking
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Polygenic trait: one
for un-capping, one
for removing dead
young
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neoteny: youthful traits retained
in adults. Probably results
from sexual selection.
• flat face & vaulted
forehead in humans
• less hair in humans
• thick lips in humans
• playfulness in dogs